. Case Study.
Havard, Cody T. "Basketball at the Most Magical Place on Earth: A Case Study of the NBA’s Season Conclusion at Walt Disney World amid the COVID-19 Pandemic." SAGE, 2021. . Case Study.
Author last name, page number (if given)
. Case Study Number (if given), Sponsoring Organization, Date of publication or last modified date, URL. Case Study.
. Case No. ETH33, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2021, . Case Study. | |
Author last name, page number (if given)
|
, edited by First Name Last Name of Editor if given, Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers. or URL (if citing eBook). Case Study.
Green Cause-Related Marketing for Social Innovation: Helping People to Reimagine Plastic Recycling and Sustainability." , Springer, 2021, pp. 19-30. . Case Study. | |
Author last name, page number
|
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Case Study." Case Study Number (if given), Publisher, Year of Publication. . Case Study.
Havard, Cody T. "Basketball at the Most Magical Place on Earth: A Case Study of the NBA’s Season Conclusion at Walt Disney World Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic." SAGE, 2021. . Case Study. | |
(Author's Last Name Page Number if available)
(Havard 7) |
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Case Study Number (if given), Sponsoring Organization, Date of publication or last modified date, URL. Case Study.
Shotts, Ken, and Sheila Melvin. Case No. ETH33, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2021, . Case Study. | |
(Author's Last Name Page Number if available)
(Shotts and Melvin) |
Last Name of Author, First Name. "Title of Chapter/Case Study." , edited by First Name Last Name of Editor if given, Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers. or URL (if citing eBook). Case Study.
Rivera, Reynaldo G. "Green Cause-Related Marketing for Social Innovation: Helping People to Reimagine Plastic Recycling and Sustainability." , Springer, 2021, pp. 19-30. . Case Study. | |
(Author's Last Name Page Number if given)
(Rivera 23) |
|
|
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Case Study." Case Study Number (if given), Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name . Case Study.
Havard, Cody T. " Basketball at the Most Magical Place on Earth: A Case Study of the NBA’s Season Conclusion at Walt Disney World Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic." SAGE, 2021. SAGE Business Cases . Case Study.
According to APA, case studies do not have their own citation style or process, instead, cite as an article.
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Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!
An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.
The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.
MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.
It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.
Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.
The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .
It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.
The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).
MyBib supports the following for MLA style:
⚙️ Styles | MLA 8 & MLA 9 |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Academic writing is a broad discipline that covers essay writing, report writing, and case study analysis. In all these writings, students use scholarly sources, such as books, case studies, and peer-reviewed journal articles, to validate arguments. Hence, academic writing standards require students to cite sources that they use to present evidence to back up arguments.
If students use a case study as a source and cite it following the MLA format, there some essential details that they must capture in their citation entry. For example, the main elements include:
If an author has published a case study as a standalone document, a student should cite this source in the Works Cited page in the way they would cite a book. Hence, a citation entry should appear as follows:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Case Study Title (Title case study and italicized). Location of the Publisher. Publisher, Date. Case Study. An example would be:
Rosegrant, Susan. Leadership Failure at Wal-Mart: The Curse of Internationalization. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Publishing, 2015.
When it comes to citing a case study in a body of a paper, a student should use a parenthetical citation (in-text) by indicating the last name of the author and the page number in a case study from where the information is picked.
If students follow the rules of an MLA format, an in-text citation would appear as (Rosegrant 5).
If a student has to use footnotes, a footnote citation example is
Susan Rosegrant, Leadership Failure at Wal-Mart: The Curse of Internationalization (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Publishing, 2015), 5.
#scribendiinc
Written by Scribendi
Your instructor has asked you to format your term paper using Modern Language Association (MLA) style. You feel confident enough to produce the paper, but you have never heard of MLA style. Don't panic—we've got you covered.
This article will explain MLA style citation, give examples of MLA formatting for specific aspects of references, provide an MLA format example for each category of source material, and share essay formatting tips that our editors have learned over the years.
You'll even find a free, downloadable MLA Works Cited example page for easy reference. So, if you have a general understanding of what MLA style is and are just looking for examples of MLA citations, we can help with that too!
Free MLA Cheat Sheet
MLA style is an accepted way to document source material for many types of humanities documents. Some would say it is simpler than other style guides, such as the APA Style Guide or the Chicago Manual of Style .
An MLA citation has two basic requirements:
Brief parenthetical citations in the text
An alphabetical list of the works cited that corresponds to the in-text citations and appears at the end of the paper
In simple terms, you refer to your source material in parentheses throughout the main text—then, at the end of your paper, you list all the sources to which you have referred, in alphabetical order.
Of course, there is so much more to MLA style and MLA formatting than just that. Indeed, the current version of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th Edition) runs to 292 pages! But here are the essential style and formatting points.
To start, let's look at a basic example of how to format a citation in MLA.
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Webpage/Chapter/Article." Website/Book Title/Journal Title , edition used, vol. X, no. Y, Publisher,
Day Month Year of Publication, URL/location/page number.
This is MLA format at its simplest.
The main reason for carefully citing source material is to avoid allegations of plagiarism, which—derived from the Latin word for "kidnapping"—refers to stealing someone else's work. The MLA Handbook explains plagiarism in detail. You should feel free to use another person's words, facts, and thoughts in your research paper, but the material you borrow must not be presented as if it were your own creation.
When you write your research paper, remember that you must document everything that you borrow—not only direct quotations and paraphrases but also information and ideas. Our MLA citation guide will walk you through how to properly cite your sources using MLA style.
MLA-style citation is commonly used by writers and students who create content in the humanities.
You'll often see it used for the following subject areas:
Language and literature
Comparative literature
Literary criticism
Cultural studies
Foreign languages
Using MLA's citation guide in these fields of study gives readers an easier option for navigating through your paper. In addition to making you look credible by neatly organizing your sources, MLA citation lends consistency to your work. It provides readers with the opportunity to easily find sources in your paper that interest them.
The early stages of producing a paper involve copious amounts of reading, research, and note-taking. At this point, it's easy to get confused about who said what. The best way to avoid getting confused right from the start is to keep your ideas, your summary of others' ideas, and direct transcriptions of text clearly marked and separate. Throughout our guide, we'll provide examples of MLA citation to give you a hand.
Make notes on the following elements for ease of reference and proper MLA citation later on:
Author's name
Full title of each publication (from the title page, not the front cover)
City of publication (cite only the first city if there is more than one)
Date of publication
Volume and issue numbers, if available (for journals)
Page numbers you have referenced
Medium of publication or reception (print, web, radio, television, etc.)
Laying the groundwork during your research will make the citation process much easier later on.
Because we know there are many ways to cite a reference in MLA, depending on what source you're using, we've compiled an extensive list of MLA citation examples below.
You'll find MLA citation examples for articles, books, images, interviews, journals, movies, and more to ensure you are citing your sources correctly.
We've done our best to be as thorough as possible. Review how to use in-text citations in MLA below or skip to the ones you need most!
If you're citing a book in MLA format with two or three authors, use the examples below to format your citation:
Bringham, Darrin E., and Sally Knope. Resting Heartbeat Science . 12th ed., Wiley, 2001.
Christopherson, Charles, Ronald Swanson, and Roger Koltz. Fog Pirates: On Board the USS Hammerhead . Putters, 2001.
Only the first author is listed by their last name followed by their first name. Any subsequent authors are written normally (first name then last name).
When there are more than three authors to reference in MLA, format your citation using et al., as shown below:
Niderbacher, Leslie A., et al. Penne and the Jets: A Love Story . Partridge, 2003.
Note that only the first author is fully named, followed by et al.
Related: Learn more about How to Use Et Al. here.
An MLA in-text citation with no author begins with the title . If your in-text citation has no author in MLA, you can also use the title in addition to the page number.
( Encyclopedia of Football 54)
Correct MLA article citation starts with finding good, credible articles. Try looking for peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles in free research databases such as CORE and ScienceOpen.
When searching for the best journals for your topic, try to steer clear of regular search engines like Google or Yahoo. Academic databases like JSTOR and Google Scholar are the best sources for scholarly, peer-reviewed articles .
MLA journal citation elements include the title of the work, author(s), and publication date. While this information is usually found on the first page of an article, its placement can vary. It may be at the top or bottom of the first page or, in the case of database articles, on the results page or the description page.
Related: Check out our list of 17 Research Databases for Free Articles .
Lau, Frank. "Vitamin D Insufficiency is Prevalent in Severe COVID-19." Journal of Health , vol. 2, no. 5, Aug. 2020, pp. 34–27.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20075838.
Kuehn, Bridget. "Hospitals Turn to Housing to Help Homeless Patients." JAMA , Feb. 2019, pp. 5–9.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21476.
Tomky, Naomi. "Explore the Oregon Coast—but don't touch the 'dragon toes.'" National Geographic , 23 Mar. 2022,
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/explore-oregon-coast-but-dont-touch-dragon-toe-barnacles.
Gateley, Cheyne. "Netflix's Password Crackdown Will Be Tougher Than It Seems." Variety , 21 Mar. 2022,
https://variety.com/vip/netflixs-password-crackdown-will-be-tougher-than-it-seems-1235208619/.
If you're citing passages from a book using MLA, look at the title page of the book to find the information you need to cite the source. The title page can usually be found a couple of pages into the book. This is where you'll find the author(s), date, edition, title, editors (if any), place of publication, and publisher.
Schucman, Helen. A Course in Miracles. Edited by Robert Perry, The Circle of Atonement, Inc., 2017.
Image citation in MLA requires you to first define what type of image you're sourcing. Is it an image you saw in person or an image from a website?
Asking yourself this question first will help you decide which format to use to cite your image. Let's look at a few examples below.
How to Cite an Image from a Website
To cite an image from a website in MLA, start with the image creator's last and first name, then add the image title, the website name , day, month, and year published, and the URL.
In the example below, there is no image title, so we're using a description of the image:
Yam, Marcus. Photograph of a man hurrying away from a building hit by Russian bombs. Los Angeles Times , 25 Mar. 2022,
www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-25/ukraine-russia-war-biden-heads-to-poland .
Here is an example with an image title:
Clancy, Pat. "Foggy Sunrise." Flickr , 10 Mar. 2022,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/128721907@N02/51958337614/in/explore-2022-03-24/.
When citing an interview in MLA, the information you need can vary depending on the type of interview.
For example, if you're citing an interview printed in a magazine, you can find relevant citation information in the title or subtitle of the interview page.
For online interviews, the relevant information can be found on the site where the interview was published. Typically, in the title or near the name of the person who published the interview, you'll find the names of the interviewer and interviewee, as well as the date the interview was published.
Here are a few elements you'll need if you're citing an interview in MLA:
Interviewee's first and last name
Interviewer's first and last name
Interview title
Periodical or journal title (if any)
Type of interview
Date the interview was conducted/published
URL of the interview (if online)
Page numbers of the interview (if in print)
In MLA, if you can't find the author of an interview you're trying to source, this information can be skipped. Instead, you can start your citation with the title of the interview in quotation marks. You can also skip the date of the interview if it is missing, but you should still include the access date if the interview is online.
If, for any reason, you also can't access the title of the interview, MLA allows you to replace the title with a short description. Let's look at a couple of examples below.
When citing a lecture in MLA, start with the speaker's last and first names, followed by the lecture title in quotes, then the course or event name, the day, month, and year, the institution, the location, and the word "Lecture." Below is an example of how to cite a lecture in MLA.
If you need to cite a movie in MLA style, you'll need the title of the film, the director, any relevant contributors, the company that produced/distributed the film, and the release year. Be sure to add the words "Directed by" before the director's name, as you'll see in the examples below.
To cite a poem in MLA, begin with listing the author's last name and first, then the poem's title in quotes, followed by the title of the book the poem was found in, and the publisher, year, and page number(s).
When you're using a quote, you're taking the exact words from an original source, so you need to make sure you're citing that source correctly.
In MLA format, quotes should be cited in the main text and on the Works Cited page. Your in-text citation will need the author's last name and the page number where you found the quote , while the Works Cited page will include the full citation. We've included examples of both MLA quote citation formats below.
In-text citation example:
It appears that creating "businesses that diminish the quality of life and well-being of our citizens" (Williamson 109) will only make things worse.
Works Cited example:
Williamson, Marianne. A Politics of Love . Harper One, 2019.
If you have to cite quotes longer than four lines in your paper, you'll want to use a block quote. The MLA format is the same on the Works Cited page for long and short quotes, but block quotes look different in the main text.
Block quotes are placed in a separate paragraph, indented 1 inch from the left margin. When using a block quote in text, include the last name of the author and page number(s) in parentheses after the closing punctuation at the end of the quote.
Note that block quotes are not enclosed in quotation marks.
When citing a song in MLA, pay close attention to the medium you used to access it. If you heard the song on a CD or on a streaming service like Spotify, you'll want to include this in your reference.
For in-text citations of songs, you'll include your citation at the end of your paraphrased portion with the last name of the performer and the specific time stamp of the song. Other elements needed for the citation on the Works Cited page include the album name, label, and release date.
An MLA citation for a YouTube video requires a few pieces of information, including the video creator's name, the title of the video, the website hosting the video, the name of the channel or uploader, the day, month , and year the video was published, and its URL.
Regardless of the platform from which you cite a video, MLA requires the same standard information, including the creator of the video, the title, where it was found, who uploaded it, the day, month, and year it was uploaded, and the URL.
How to Cite a Website in MLA
The MLA format for websites requires a few core elements, including the author, title of the source and container, relevant contributors, version, publisher, publication date in day-month-year format, and DOI or URL .
Some of this information can be omitted if it isn't available. See the examples below.
Mla heading format.
When you're writing a paper in MLA format, headings go on the first page . Your heading should include the following information:
Instructor's name
Course name or number
Submission date
Your MLA heading goes in the upper left corner of your paper, double-spaced. Try not to confuse an MLA heading with an MLA header, which is in the upper right corner of every page of your paper and includes your last name and the page number.
Here are two example headings in MLA format for reference. Keep in mind that these should be double-spaced in your paper.
Cody Anderson
Professor Lockhart
Astronomy 103
23 March 2022
Raquel Smith
Professor Snape
Humanities 605
25 February 2021
In the next few sections, we'll look at MLA formatting for sources cited within the main text of your paper, also called in-text citations. In-text citations give your reader a clue about where to find the source you referenced in the Works Cited section at the end of your paper.
MLA format for books requires that you briefly acknowledge your sources in the main body of the text by using the author's name and the page number in parentheses.
Note the following example:
(Clinton 440).
The reader knows to consult page 440 of Clinton's book.
If you refer to the title of a large published work in your paper, such as a novel or movie, it should appear as follows:
John Clinton's A Study of Life.
Please note the use of capital letters and italics.
Titles of smaller works, such as poems, short stories, chapters, and articles, should be written in the text as follows:
Raymond Carver's "Cathedral."
Please note that smaller works are put in quotation marks and are not italicized.
To obtain further information, the reader can refer to the alphabetical references section, called the Works Cited page, at the end of the paper. There, the reader can find the full details of each cited publication.
Note the following MLA Works Cited example:
Clinton, John. A Study of Life . London: Hodder, 1998. Print.
Our John Clinton example is MLA style referencing in its simplest form: one author and one book. MLA citation for multiple authors of a single book and MLA citation for multiple books by a single author tend to complicate matters. However, if you have the basics right and have made good notes for all your source material, these problems are manageable.
When citing two or more books by one author in your Works Cited section, MLA requires the author's name in the first entry only. In the next entry, replace the author's name with an em dash (—), a period, and the second book title. The em dash takes the place of the author's name. In terms of the order of the books by one author on your Works Cited page, alphabetize the list by title.
Brunson, Russell. DotCom Secrets . Morgan James Publishing, 2015.
—. Traffic Secrets . Hay House, Inc., 2020.
When citing three or more authors in MLA, you'll want to use "et al.," which means "and others."
Levine, Robert S., et al. The Norton Anthology of American Literature . 9th ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2022.
If you're trying to cite a source in MLA with missing information, you have a few options available to you depending on what information is missing.
If you're missing the author of a source, use the title of the work in its place for both in-text citations and citations in the Works Cited in MLA format. If your title is also missing, use the source instead.
If your source has no page numbers, you can omit these in your citations and use paragraph or line numbers if they are available.
If the date of the publication is missing, you don't have to include it. But if it's a resource you accessed online, include the access date at the end of the citation—for example, "Accessed 14 Sep. 2021."
You can also omit the publisher if this information is missing.
When formatting your Works Cited page in MLA format, be sure to pay close attention to all the guidelines. MLA requires all lines to be double-spaced with a hanging indent. A hanging indent is when the first line of your reference starts at the beginning of the line while the next lines are indented by an inch and a half from the left.
To keep all of these MLA examples in one sheet for easy reference, we've compiled a free download. This way, you can review MLA citation examples anytime you need them, either for your Works Cited page or in-text citations, for multiple types of work.
Once downloaded, you'll have all of the MLA citation examples you need in your back pocket. This guide will give you examples of MLA citations for the following types of sources:
Books (with one author, multiple authors, or no author)
Download our free MLA downloadable here.
Writing a paper in mla format.
When writing a paper in MLA format, you'll need to cover your bases when it comes to citing your sources. Not only do your sources need to be correct to account for wherever you're pulling information from, but they also need to follow MLA paper formatting basics .
So far, we've covered how to cite sources in your Works Cited list and in-text citations. Now, let's talk about how to use footnotes in an MLA paper with a couple of examples.
As a general rule, footnotes should be used sparingly in MLA. However, when they are used, there are two types: bibliographical footnotes and content footnotes.
Bibliographical footnotes allow you to add more relevant sources. Content footnotes allow you to add commentary or explanations about your topic. We'll look at examples of both of these below.
Bibliographical footnote:
1 See Clinton, John. A Study of Life . Hodder, 1998. Additional references are for this edition and appear within the text.
Content footnote:
1 In a lecture from 2013, Peters mentions his love of science and how science will shape our future.
The MLA format cover page is not an entirely separate page. It begins with a 1-inch margin, flush left with your name, your instructor's name, the course name or number, and the date typed on separate, double-spaced lines.
The title of your research paper should then be centered on the MLA format title page. There is no need for it to be presented in bold, italics, or capital letters.
When citing a source in your text in MLA, use a parenthetical citation.
Parenthetical citations in MLA should include the author's last name and the page number where you found the information.
For example: (Lars 86).
In MLA format, page numbers appear in the top right-hand corner with a 0.5-inch margin from the top and a flush right margin. It is good practice to include your last name before the page number in case pages go astray. Do not use the abbreviation p. before the page number or add any other mark or symbol. You may not need to include a page number on the front page—check with your instructor.
Sometimes, it is appropriate to draw attention to particular words in your paper, but using italics for emphasis ("He really ate a lot ") is inappropriate in research writing and inconsistent with MLA style. Generally, in MLA format, italics should be reserved for titles of longer works (e.g., books, films), non-English words, and words and letters referred to as words and letters.
Your instructor may issue particular instructions if you are to use MLA citation in an essay—if so, follow them. Otherwise, the following MLA essay formatting tips will help you set out your research paper in MLA style.
The MLA Style Guide recommends using a clear typeface (Arial or Times New Roman) in a readable size (at least 11 point).
Justify the text to the left margin, leaving the right margin ragged. Leave 1-inch margins on the top, bottom, left, and right of the page.
Indent the first word in each paragraph by 0.5 inches. Indent set-off block quotations by 1 inch.
Use double-spacing throughout. In accordance with the MLA guide, use single spaces after periods, commas , exclamation marks, etc.
Good grammar, punctuation , and spelling are essential parts of your research paper—not just when using MLA style citation. There is no room for typos at this level.
Our advice is to check and check again, and don't just rely on your word processor's spell-checker. Get a second pair of eyes to look over your paper. T ry our essay editors to ensure that the MLA formatting is consistent throughout your paper and there are no grammatical errors.
Related: Avoid These Common Mistakes in Academic and Scientific Writing
The importance of citing your references in your essay cannot be understated. Any time you include a piece of information in your essay that you didn't write yourself, MLA requires two forms of citation: one in the main text and one at the end of your paper in the Works Cited section.
To see how all these formatting elements come together to make an MLA paper, see the example below.
https://p113.p2.n0.cdn.getcloudapp.com/items/v1ugxp7E/9e3b21d9-758c-4e27-b6cb-caa1059c0547.jpeg?v=559e925043cbfee9fe816e0568ab3d3b
In this computerized age, electronic publications are widely used as source materials for essays. However, electronic texts are prone to frequent and rapid change—one minute you see them online, and the next they are gone. Therefore, it is important to provide more information when references to electronic works are made.
When accessing electronic information, note the following elements:
Name of the author, editor, etc.
Title of the work
Title of the website (if distinct from the title of the work)
Version/edition used, if applicable
Publisher or sponsor of the site (if not available, use n.p.)
Date of publication (day, month, and year, if available; if no date is available, use n.d.)
Medium of publication (web)
Date of access (day, month, and year)
Note the following example of MLA citation:
Smith, George. "Trees of the Southern Hemisphere." The International Leaf. Barker University, 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2009.
Please note that the MLA formatting and style guide no longer recommends including the URL of a document. Nevertheless, the URL can be included if it is required by your instructor or if your readers will have difficulty locating the source without it.
Below, you'll find examples of how to apply the MLA letter format. Much of the formatting will be similar to that of MLA-style papers, including using double-spaced lines in your text.
Start your MLA-formatted letter with your two-line mailing address in the upper left-hand corner, an inch from the top of the page. Skip to the next line and add the date in day-month-year format.
On the next line, include the addressee's information, starting with the recipient's title, such as Mr., Ms., or Dr. You can also include their address and contact information.
On yet another line, include your salutation—for example, "Dear Ms. Smith"—followed by a colon. If you don't have a name for the person you're writing to, use the person's title—for example, "Dear Director of Operations."
When writing a letter in MLA format, be sure to use double-spacing throughout as you would in an MLA paper.
The formatting of citations varies among style guides like Chicago, MLA, and APA. While each style guide has its own way of formatting sources and cover pages, one of the biggest differences is in how they format in-text citations. Let's look at how they differ.
MLA stands for the Modern Language Association and is a style used for papers in the humanities. In-text citations in MLA use the author's last name and page number in parentheses: (Smith 15).
APA stands for the American Psychological Association and is a style used for scientific papers. In-text citations in APA style include a bit more information than those in MLA style. For example, APA uses the author's last name, year of publication, and page number: (Smith, 2021, p. 15).
Chicago style is used mainly for manuscripts by writers, designers, and publishers. In-text citations in this style include the last name of the source, the publication year, and the page number in parentheses, with slightly different formatting than APA: (Smith 2021, 15).
How do i cite a website in mla.
To cite a website in MLA, start with the author's last name and first name separated by a comma and punctuated with a period. Next, include the title of the article or page in headline case and in quotes with a period, followed by the title of the website in italics. After that, add a comma, the name of the publisher, the publication date in day-month-year format, and the URL.
Shields, Ronan. "'The Threat is Hollow': True Transparency is Some Way Off for Scaled Advertisers." Digiday , Digiday Media, 25
Mar. 2022, https://digiday.com/marketing/the-threat-is-hollow-true-transparency-is-some-way-off-for-scaled-advertisers/.
Basu, Tyler. "How to Build a Personal Brand (Complete Guide)." Thinkific , Thinkific, 7 Sep. 2021,
https://www.thinkific.com/blog/personal-branding-guide/.
For an MLA website in-text citation, simply put the last name of the author in parentheses: (Shields).
The MLA citation for a journal article begins with the author's last name and first name separated by a comma. Next, include the title of the article in quotes, punctuated by a period, then the journal title in title case and italics, and then a comma before the volume or issue number. This is followed by the date of publication, the page range, and the DOI or URL (without https://). Finally, add the access date if no publication date is listed.
In-text citations allow readers to identify which of the items on your Works Cited page you're referencing. MLA requires the source's last name to be set in parentheses, followed by the page number where you found the information. Below are a few examples of how to use in-text citations in MLA format.
(Smith and Jones 53)
(Smith et al. 33)
(Smith 56–58)
(Smith 56–58, 73)
For MLA YouTube citation, start with the video creator's last name and first name, separated by a comma and punctuated by a period. Next, include the title of the video in quotes, also punctuated by a period (inside the quotation marks).
Add the website hosting the video in italics (in this case, YouTube), the name of the channel or uploader, and the day, month, and year the video was published. Include the URL at the end of the MLA video citation.
Forleo, Marie. "Can You Age in Reverse? Tony Robbins Says Yes." YouTube , uploaded by Marie Forleo, 14 Feb. 2022,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAb5z7NbMYk.
Snipes, Doc. "15 Tips to Stop Ruminating and Get Out of Your Head." YouTube , uploaded by Doc Snipes, 23 Mar. 2022,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMZpMtM7TkI.
Put your MLA heading in the upper left-hand corner of the first page of your paper , double-spaced. It should have your name, your instructor's name, the course name or number, and the date. Here are two examples of how to format your headings in MLA:
To cite a movie in MLA style, start with the title of the film in italics, then the name of the director, followed by any relevant contributors. Next, include the company that produced or distributed the film and the release year.
Jaws . Directed by Steven Spielberg, performances by Roy Scheider and Robert Shaw, Universal Pictures, 1975.
To cite a movie from a streaming service such as Netflix, use the following format:
Jaws . Directed by Steven Spielberg, performances by Roy Scheider and Robert Shaw, Universal Pictures, 1975. Netflix app.
To recap the most important MLA formatting guidelines, be sure to use 1-inch margins all around your paper, set the font to 12-point Times New Roman (or another easy-to-read font), and double-space the lines in your text. Make sure each word at the start of your paragraphs is indented half an inch from the left margin, and do the same for any block quotations.
You must cite all your sources in MLA, both in the text and on the Works Cited page found at the end of your paper. Use the examples and guidelines above to make sure you're formatting your paper and citations according to MLA guidelines.
If you're citing an interview, use the last and first name of the person interviewed at the start of your MLA Works Cited citation. Then, add the interview title, periodical title, type of interview, date, and URL of the interview (if online).
If the person you're referencing was interviewed in print, include the page numbers.
For an in-text citation of an interview, use the last name of the person being interviewed—for example: (Smith).
Download our free MLA format PDF for more examples of how to cite a person in MLA for an interview, either one you've conducted yourself or one you found elsewhere.
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This guide divides references into different formats for ease of use.
The overarching principle in referencing is that readers should be able to follow your sources if they are interested in finding out more about a topic and that you should acknowledge other authors whose ideas or information you have used.
2 Authors | (Beuving and de Vries 123-125) | Beuving, Joost, and Gert C. de Vries. y. Amsterdam University Press, 2015.
|
3 or More Authors | (Quirk et al. 130) | Quirk, Randolph, et al. . Longman, 1985. |
In-text examples: (Bond, Business Ethics 23) (Bond, Corporate Governanc e 50)
Work Cited example: Bond, Graeme. Business Ethic s. McGraw-Hill, 1991. ---. Corporate Governance . Irwin, 1991.
(See MLA Handbook, section 6.8.)
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 54; Malinowski 327-328)
The works should be listed in alphabetical order.
November 20, 2023
Properly citing case studies plays a crucial role in academic writing for several reasons. Firstly, citing case studies demonstrates the credibility and reliability of your arguments and research. By referencing the original sources, you show that you have conducted thorough research and have used reputable and authoritative information to support your claims.
Secondly, citing case studies allows readers to further explore the topic and verify the information provided. It enables them to locate and read the full case study if they wish to delve deeper into the details and findings. This promotes transparency and fosters a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Finally, citing case studies acknowledges the contributions of the original authors and researchers. By giving proper credit, you adhere to ethical standards of academic integrity and avoid plagiarism. It also ensures that the individuals responsible for the case study receive recognition for their work.
In summary, citing case studies is essential in academic writing to enhance credibility, facilitate further exploration, and acknowledge the original authors’ contributions.
When citing a case study in your essay, it is important to follow some basic guidelines to ensure accuracy and consistency. Here are the key guidelines to keep in mind:
By adhering to these basic guidelines, you can ensure that your case study citations are accurate, consistent, and accessible for your readers. Remember to consult the specific guidelines of your chosen citation style to ensure complete adherence.
When citing a case study in APA format, follow these guidelines to accurately reference the source:
Example APA citation for a case study:
Make sure to properly format the citation, including hanging indents, use of italics, and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate references page at the end of your essay, following APA formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in MLA format, follow these guidelines to reference the source accurately:
Example MLA citation for a case study:
Remember to properly format the citation, including hanging indents, use of italics, and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate works cited page at the end of your essay, following MLA formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in Chicago style, follow these guidelines to reference the source accurately:
Example Chicago citation for a case study:
Remember to properly format the citation, including hanging indents and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate bibliography page at the end of your essay, following Chicago formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in Harvard style, follow these guidelines to accurately reference the source:
Example Harvard citation for a case study:
Ensure the citation is properly formatted, including punctuation, use of italics, and indentation. Also, list all the case studies cited in a separate references list at the end of the essay, following Harvard formatting guidelines.
Finding case studies for your essay is made easier with the availability of online databases. These databases compile various case studies from different disciplines, allowing you to access a wide range of relevant examples. Here are some online databases you can use to find case studies:
When searching in these databases, use keywords specific to your topic, such as the name of the industry or concept you are focusing on. Additionally, if you find a relevant case study, make sure to cite it correctly using the appropriate citation style.
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Harvard Business Review - Case Studies
This format would apply to any business case including Harvard Business Review, Ivey and MIT Sloane cases:
Author(s). Name of the case. Business Case. City. Publisher. Date. Format (Print or Web) If your format is Web include the date it was accessed. EXAMPLE: Yoffe, David B. and Renee Kim. Apple Inc in 2010. Case Study. Boston. Harvard Business Publishing, 2010. Web. 28 October 2010.
APA Format
Harvard Business School Case Study
Citation elements required and general format:
Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. City, State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher. EXAMPLES:
One Author:
Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Two Authors:
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
In-text citation examples – Harvard Business School Case Study
APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.
…as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6).
Smith reported (2003, p. 6) that the data was flawed.
Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).
… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).
Chicago Manual of Style ( PDF selections copied from Grove City College Henry Buhl Library)
CASES (PRINTED)
Footnote
Mikołaj Jan Piskorski and David Chen, “Twitter,” HBS No. 710-455 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010), p. 8.
Bibliography
Piskorski , Mikołaj Jan, and David Chen. “Twitter.” HBS No. 710-455. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010.
CASES (ONLINE)
On the Web
Amy C. Edmondson and Laura R. Feldman, “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A),” HBS No. 603-068 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), http://hbsp.harvard.edu, accessed October 2012.
Edmondson, Amy C., and Laura R. Feldman. “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A).” HBS No. 603-068. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002. http://hbsp. harvard.edu, accessed September 2007.
Michael J. Enright et al., “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol,” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001), via Harvard Business Publishing, http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.
Bibliography
Enright, Michael J., et al. “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol.” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001). Harvard Business Publishing. http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.
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Published February 1, 2021. Updated August 5, 2021.
To cite a court case in MLA style, it is helpful to know basic information including the parties involved, court and case number, year, and URL (uniform resource locator).
The templates and examples below are based on the MLA Handbook , 9th Edition, and the Official MLA Style website .
If you’re trying to cite a court case, the Chegg Writing MLA citation generator could help. Help protect your paper against accidental plagiarism with the Chegg Writing plagiarism checker and citation generator .
In-text citation template and example:
Name of plaintiff v. Name of defendant
Faragher v. Boca Raton
Read this MLA format guide for more style basics.
Works cited entry template and example:
Name of the Court. Name of plaintiff v. Name of defendant . Title of Container, Volume or Issue Number, Decision Given Date, Page Range, Website Name , URL.
United States, Supreme Court. Faragher v. Boca Raton . 26 June 1998. Legal Information Institute , Cornell U Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/97-282.
Use ‘v.” between the party names. Do not use “http:” or “https:” before the URL.
For more information on citing sources in MLA, also read these guides on MLA in-text citations and MLA works cited examples .
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Published on January 9, 2020 by Shona McCombes . Revised on January 17, 2024.
APA Style Is defined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , currently in its 7th edition .
The rules of MLA style are found in the MLA Handbook , currently in its 9th edition (published by the Modern Language Association).
In both styles, a source citation consists of:
However, citations look slightly different in each style, with different rules for things like title capitalization, author names, and placement of the date.
There are also some differences in layout and formatting . Download the Word templates for a correctly formatted paper in either style.
APA template MLA template
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Which style should i use, in-text citations in apa and mla, apa reference list vs. mla works cited list, apa vs. mla paper formatting, frequently asked questions about citation styles.
You’ll usually be told which citation style you should use in your writing by your department or supervisor. If you’re not sure, look up your institution’s guidelines or ask directly.
Occasionally, you may be allowed to choose a style yourself. If so, it’s best to base your decision on your area of study:
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Both MLA and APA use parenthetical citations to cite sources in the text. However, they include slightly different information.
An APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.
An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number—no year.
When there are two authors, APA Style separates their names with an ampersand (&), while MLA uses “and.” For three or more authors, both styles list the first author followed by “ et al. ”
APA | MLA | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Taylor, 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor 23) |
2 authors | (Taylor & Kotler, 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor and Kotler 23) |
3+ authors | (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23) | (Taylor et al. 23) |
In both APA and MLA style, you list full details of all cited sources on a separate page at the end of your paper. In APA this is usually called the reference list ; in MLA it’s called the Works Cited .
The formatting of source entries is different in each style. Some key differences are summarized in the table below.
APA | MLA | |
---|---|---|
Author name | Last name, Initial. Mounier-Kuhn, P. | Last name, First name. Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre. |
Capitalization of source title | Sentence case (but capitalize after a colon):
| Title case:
|
Formatting of titles | No formatting for chapters, articles, etc.; italics for books, journals, etc.: Computer science in French universities: Early entrants and latecomers. | Quotation marks for chapters, articles, etc.; italics for books, journals, etc.: “Computer Science in French Universities: Early Entrants and Latecomers.” |
Publication date | In parentheses after the author’s name: Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). … | Later in the reference, not in parentheses: … vol. 47, no. 4, 2012, … |
URLs & DOIs | No period after the URL or DOI: https://doi.org/10.7560/IC47402 | Period after the URL or DOI: https://doi.org/10.7560/IC47402. |
Using the interactive tool, you can switch between APA and MLA style citations for common source types to explore the differences for yourself.
The general formatting guidelines for APA and MLA are similar. Both styles recommend:
The main differences between APA format and MLA format involve the title page, running head, and block quoting guidelines.
In APA, a separate cover page is required. It lists the title of your paper, your full name, your institution and department, the course the paper is for, your instructor’s name, and the due date, all centered and double-spaced.
In MLA, no title page is required (though your instructor may require you to include one ). Instead of a title page, you add a four-line header on the first page.
The header is left-aligned and double-spaced and lists your full name, your instructor’s name, the course title or number, and the submission date. The paper’s title is centered on a new line under the header.
In APA Style, include a right-aligned page number at the top of each page.
In manuscripts that will be submitted for publication, you should also include an APA running head with a shortened version of your paper’s title (up to 50 characters long), all in capitals and left-aligned.
The running head is not required in student papers (unless you’re instructed otherwise).
Block quotes are long quotations that are set on a new line and indented as a block, without quotation marks.
In APA, any quote of 40 words or longer should be formatted as a block quote. In MLA, block quote formatting is used for quotes of more than four lines of prose or more than three lines of verse.
In both styles, the in-text citation is added after the period at the end of a block quote.
The reader quickly becomes familiar with Nick Carraway’s relationship with Jay Gatsby, as the very first mention of the character illustrates both his admiration and disdain:
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
APA and MLA style both use parenthetical in-text citations to cite sources and include a full list of references at the end, but they differ in other ways:
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
MLA Style is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2024, January 17). APA vs MLA | The Key Differences in Format & Citation. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vs-mla/
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The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources in the liberal arts and humanities. Learn more and find out how to use the MLA style.
Download the MLA 9th Quick Guide at the bottom of this page
The MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. The following examples are based on the MLA Handbook (9th ed., 2021) .
MLA uses a two-part system of citation:
In-text citation
The usual information included in an in-text citation is (Author’s surname and page number), or just (page number) if the author is named in the sentence. No commas and/or ‘p.’ or ‘pg’ are needed. The reference appears in brackets at the end of the sentence that contains the quotation from or reference to your source. Punctuation comes after the citation. A full reference to the resource should then be included in the Works Cited page at the end of the essay. For example:
With some electronic sources, you will have page numbers to refer to (especially PDF format files), but if the source isn’t paginated, don’t worry about providing page numbers in the in-text citation for that source. Instead, you may include section (sect./sects.), chapter (ch./chs.) or paragraph (par./pars.) numbers if they are given in the source. If the author’s name is not mentioned in your prose, include the name in the citation followed by a comma, e.g.
There is little evidence here for the claim that “Eagleton has belittled the gains of postmodernism” (Chan, par. 41).
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
If you are dealing with more than one source by the same author, include a short version of the title of the text within the citation to help distinguish between the sources. For example:
“Montaigne’s understanding of the potential for barbarity within “civilisation” is portrayed, for instance, in examining the relative associations with ostentatious transport (“Of Coaches” 439-45), perfume and cosmetics used to cover commonplace stench (“Of Smells” 213), and the primitive understanding of medicine in the France of his day (“Of Experience” 520-22).”
Works cited
Your essay should conclude with a Works Cited list (a full list of works consulted). Entries should consist of as many of the following core elements as appropriate, in the recommended order of: Author, Title of source, Title of container (e.g. journal, database, website, etc.), Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.
Entries are listed alphabetically by the author’s last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written as Last name, First name (or initial) any middle names or additional initials. For example Smith, Alison M.
If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author’s name for subsequent entry.
If there is no author, place the item by the first letter of its title, ignoring ‘A’ ‘An’ and ‘The’.
Books with one author
Winterson, Jeanette. Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit . Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.
Books with two authors
Reverse the name of the first author only.
Kuiper, Koenraad, and W. Scott Allan. An Introduction to English Language: Word, Sound, and Sentence . Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Books with three or more authors
The name of the first author should be given, followed by et al. (‘and others’), e.g. Quirk, Randolph, et al. OR give all names in full, in the order in which they appear on the title page.
Edition of a book
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students . 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
Book prepared by an editor
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility , edited by Claudia Johnson. Norton, 2001.
Translated Book
Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings , translated by Mark Atherton. Penguin, 2001.
Book with a corporate author
Use the institution or organisation as the author, unless the institution is also the publisher when the title comes first.
United Nations. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries . Taylor and Francis, 1991.
State of World Population 2015: Shelter from the Storm: A Transformative Agenda for Women and Girls in a Crisis-Prone World . United Nations Population Fund, 2015.
Book with no author
Use the title of the book.
The New English Bible . Oxford UP, 1972.
Entire online book
Give the publication information for the original book. Add the electronic publication information where available, e.g. date of electronic publication. Include the full URL or DOI. Including the date of access for online resources is optional in MLA 9th edition; it is recommended for pages that may change frequently or that do not have a copyright/publication date.
Nesbit, Edith. Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism . The Fabian Society, 1908. Victorian Womens Writers Project . 4 Oct. 2010. http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7021. Accessed 31 Jan. 2017.
Frost, Robert. North of Boston . 2nd ed., Henry Holt and Co., 1915. Google Books, http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Rt4mI5SV_5wC.
Published conference proceedings
Proceeding of the Third Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, October 30th – November 11th, 1926, Held Under the Auspices of the National Research Council of Japan, and through the Generosity of the Imperial Japanese Government. National Research Council of Japan, etc. Tokyo, 1929.
Essay published in a collection
Mancoff, Debra N. “To Take Excalibur: King Arthur and the Construction of Victorian Manhood.” King Arthur: A Casebook , edited by Edward D. Kennedy. Garland, 1996, pp. 257-80.
Work in an anthology
Wendt, Albert. “The Balloonfish and the Armadillo.” The Picador Book of Contemporary New Zealand Fiction , edited by Fergus Barrowman. Picador, 1966, pp. 153-69.
Introduction, forward or preface
Drabble, Margaret. Introduction to Middlemarch , by George Eliot. Bantam, 1985, pp. vii-xvii.
Multi-volume sets
Citing a specific volume within a multi-volume set:
Damrosch, David, et al. The Longman Anthology of World Literature . 2nd ed. vol. 2. Pearson Education, 2009.
Citing the whole multi-volume set:
Ruskin, John. The Works of John Ruskin , edited by E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn. George Allen, 1903-12. 39 vols.
Part of an online book
Lee, Hermione. “Salman Rushdie’s Fathers.” The Contemporary British Novel , edited by James Acheson and Sarah Ross, Edinburgh UP, 2005, pp. 95-105. ProQuest Ebook Central , http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/canterbury/detail.action?docID=264948. Accessed 31 Jan. 2017.
Frequently updated, well-known reference title: brief
“Noon.” Def. 4b. The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd. ed., 1989.
This also illustrates the choice of one particular definition.
Specialised or lesser known reference title in full:
“Epic.” Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance . Oxford UP, 2003.
Article from an online encyclopedia
“Canterbury Tales, The.” The Oxford Companion to English Literature , edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford UP, 2000. Oxford Reference Online , http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192806871.001.0001/acref-9780192806871-e-1296?rskey=1arK62&result=3.
Entry from the OED (Oxford English Dictionary) Online
“magazine, n.” OED Online . 3rd ed, Dec. 2016. Oxford UP, 2017, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/112144?rskey=8t7TQ6&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.
Note: the first date is the OED entry date, the second is the access date.
Entry from Grove Music Online
When you are reading an article, click the orange Cite button at the top of the page to generate the reference in the MLA style.
Talbot, Michael. “Vivaldi, Antonio.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford UP, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40120pg8.
Enclose the title of the article in quotation marks. Italicise the title of the journal. Issue numbers are only needed if the part numbers are individually paginated. Use lowercase capitalisation for seasons in journal references, e.g. spring, summer, fall, winter.
Journal article
Mayer, Jed. “Germinating Memory: Hardy and Evolutionary Biology.” Victorian Review , vol. 26, no. 1, 2000, pp. 82-97.
Reprinted article
Barnard, Rita. “Dream Topographies: J.M. Coezee and the South African Pastoral.” South Atlantic Quarterly , vol. 93, no. 1, 1994, pp. 33-58. Reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism , edited by Jeffrey Hunter, vol. 117. Gale, 1999, pp. 65-74.
Film, DVD or video recording
The Lord of the Rings, the Fellowship of the Ring . Directed by Peter Jackson et al, 2001. Special extended DVD edition, New Line Home Entertainment, 2002.
“The Blessing Way.” The X-Files . Fox, WXIA, Atlanta, 19 Jul. 1998.
Netflix/Google Play
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation , season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix , http://www.netflix.com/watch/70152031 .
Felluga, Dino Franco. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.
Sources accessed from LEARN
For sources that you access from your course’s LEARN website, please use the following format, adapting it to whichever of the sources you use. Your lecturer will probably have provided details of where these texts have come from, but you need to include in your citation when and from where you accessed them, e.g. from the LEARN course website or an external source. Note that the last date in the citation relates to the date when you downloaded or accessed the text.
Ingram, Marione. “Operation Gomorrah.” The Best American Essays, 2007 . ENGL117, Writing the Academic Essay. LEARN website , http://learn.canterbury.ac.nz/mod/coursereadings/view.php?id=266146. Accessed 13 Jan. 2015.
If it is necessary to cite from a lecture, your in-text citation would follow the standard form, and you’d have two possibilities for the bibliography citation, depending on whether you are citing the lecture as delivered or the lecture in note form (for example archived on LEARN).
Examples of a lecture and the lecture notes online:
Armstrong, Philip. “Humanism and the Rise of the Essay (II).” U of Canterbury, 2 March 2012.
Armstrong, Philip. “Humanism and the Rise of the Essay (II).” U of Canterbury, 2 March 2012. Lecture. ENGL201, The Essay and Beyond . LEARN website . U of Canterbury, 2012. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.
See the UC English Department Essay Writing Guide for more information on whether or not you need to provide citations when using material derived from lectures.
Paintings, sculpture and most forms of visual arts (but not buildings)
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
MLA Handbook Plus – online access to the MLA Handbook (9th ed., 2021).
More information and examples are available at The MLA Style Centre or Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab .
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Particularly in research for business studies or papers in the social sciences, you may want to cite a case study completed by a university or other organization. While case studies have titles and publication information like other articles, they often have a unique case study number that is typically included in your citation. While Chicago citation style is most frequently used in business schools, you may also use the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA) style.
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When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. ... The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. MLA 9. Structure: Author Last Name, Author First Name.
Works Cited List Citation: Last Name of Author, First Name. "Title of Chapter/Case Study." Title of Book, edited by First Name Last Name of Editor if given, Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers.Database Name or URL (if citing eBook).Case Study. Example. Rivera, Reynaldo G. "Green Cause-Related Marketing for Social Innovation: Helping People to Reimagine Plastic Recycling and ...
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Reference List Citation: Last Name of Author, First Name. "Title of Chapter/Case Study." Title of Book, edited by First Name Last Name of Editor if given, Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers.Database Name or URL (if citing eBook). Case Study. Example: Rivera, Reynaldo G. "Green Cause-Related Marketing for Social Innovation: Helping People to Reimagine Plastic Recycling and ...
Aug 23, 2023 20396. MLA: Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Case Study." Case Study Number (if given), Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name. Case Study. Example. Havard, Cody T. "Basketball at the Most Magical Place on Earth: A Case Study of the NBA's Season Conclusion at Walt Disney World Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic."
Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form. The generator will produce a formatted MLA ...
Overview of how to create MLA in-text citations and reference lists In-Text Citations. Resources on using in-text citations in MLA style. The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Works Cited Page. Resources on writing an MLA style works cited page, including citation formats ...
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Citing a case study in MLA style. In-text citation template and example: (Author Surname Page number) (Rapp and Caramazza 373) Works cited entry template and example: Surname, First M. "Title of the Case Study.". Name of Publication, Volume number, Issue number, Publication Day Month Year, Page number. Case study.
This guide follows the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in 2021. To cite sources in MLA style, you need. In-text citations that give the author's last name and a page number. A list of Works Cited that gives full details of every source. Make sure your paper also adheres to MLA ...
General Rules on Citing a Case Study in MLA. If students use a case study as a source and cite it following the MLA format, there some essential details that they must capture in their citation entry. For example, the main elements include: Name of the author(s) Title of a case study; Location of a publisher; Publisher; Year of publication
Using MLA's citation guide in these fields of study gives readers an easier option for navigating through your paper. In addition to making you look credible by neatly organizing your sources, MLA citation lends consistency to your work. It provides readers with the opportunity to easily find sources in your paper that interest them.
Revised on March 5, 2024. An MLA in-text citation provides the author's last name and a page number in parentheses. If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by " et al. ". If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range.
In-Text Citation Example: Works Cited Example: 2 Authors (Beuving and de Vries 123-125) Beuving, Joost, and Gert C. de Vries. Doing Qualitative Research: The Craft of Naturalistic Inquiry. Amsterdam University Press, 2015. (When citing a work by two authors, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page.) 3 or More Authors
Citing a Case Study in MLA Format. When citing a case study in MLA format, follow these guidelines to reference the source accurately: Authors of the case study: Include the author's name(s) in the order they appear in the source, but inverted (last name, first name). Title of the case study: Use sentence case capitalization.
Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. In-text citation examples - Harvard Business School Case Study. APA in-text citations include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. One Author:
Read this MLA format guide for more style basics. Works cited entry template and example: Name of the Court. Name of plaintiff v. Name of defendant. Title of Container, Volume or Issue Number, Decision Given Date, Page Range, Website Name, URL. United States, Supreme Court. Faragher v. Boca Raton. 26 June 1998.
An MLA in-text citation includes the author's last name and a page number—no year. When there are two authors, APA Style separates their names with an ampersand (&), while MLA uses "and.". For three or more authors, both styles list the first author followed by " et al. ". APA.
Here's how the IEEE citation case study format looks like: Author's last name, Case Study Title. City, State, Country: Publisher's name, Month Day, Year. An example of how to cite a case study in IEEE: Leonard, Our response to global warming. New York, NY, USA: Printed Press, Sept. 14, 2015.
The MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. The following examples are based on the MLA Handbook (9th ed., 2021). MLA uses a two-part system of citation: In-text citation: short parenthetical citations, embedded within the text of the essay itself.
This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This resource contains a sample MLA paper that adheres to the 2016 updates. To download the MLA sample paper, click this link.
3. List publication information for the case study. Type the city where the case study was published, then follow with a period. Type the name of the publishing company (which will typically be the university or organization that produced the study). Place a comma, then provide the year the case study was published.
This guide compares APA Style and MLA style references for four common sources: journal articles, books, edited book chapters, and webpages. Format varies depending on the number of authors; the templates match the examples and show variations for one, two, and three or more authors. The sentences with in-text citations are paraphrased, which ...