within h-core
*NP=Number of Publication **TC=Total Number of Citations
It is evident that the top ten organizational productivity ranges between 25 to 42 publications ( Table 3 ). The University of Toronto is the leading organization in autism research (NP=42), followed by Vanderbilt University (NP=37), University of California, Los Angeles (NP=35), Yale University (NP=33), and Massachusetts General Hospital (NP=30). Harvard Medical School (NP=25) identified as the minor producer of research in the top ten list. Interestingly, most of the listed organization are in the USA (9 organizations), and one organization from Canada. Stanford University was the most cited organization (TC=6686) for 28 publications, followed by Yale University (TC=6059) for 33 research in autism.
Rank | Affiliation | Country | NP | TC | Citation sum within h-core | h-index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univ Toronto | Canada | 42 | 5358 | 5162 | 22 | |
Vanderbilt Univ | USA | 37 | 5529 | 5407 | 27 | |
Univ Calif Los Angeles | USA | 35 | 5302 | 5184 | 23 | |
Yale Univ | USA | 33 | 6059 | 5987 | 22 | |
Massachusetts Gen Hosp | USA | 30 | 4707 | 4611 | 20 | |
Univ Calif San Francisco | USA | 30 | 4499 | 4449 | 17 | |
Stanford Univ | USA | 28 | 6686 | 6643 | 19 | |
Univ Calif San Diego | USA | 27 | 2541 | 2476 | 17 | |
Hosp Sick Children | Canada | 26 | 4201 | 4132 | 18 | |
Harvard Med Sch | USA | 25 | 1013 | 950 | 14 |
Moreover, it is found that the top eight countries produced over 50 research papers ( Table 4 ). Only two countries have over 100 articles on autism. The USA had outstanding research output in autism with 433 publications and 27124 citations, followed by the UK (118 publications, 7569 citations), Canada (79 publications, 6816 citations), China (72 publications, 3339 citations), and France (60 publications, 3304 citations). This result parallels the previous scientometric analyses on ASD research, which says that the USA is highly active in producing ASD literature.
The analyses reveal that half of the research in autism contributed by the USA that received the highest number of citations (TC=27124) for 433 publications, followed by the UK with 7569 citations with 118 publications, and Canada with 6816 citations and 79 publications. Australia managed minimum citation (TC=2048) in the list with 46 publications.
Rank | Country | NP | TC | Citation sum within h-core | h-index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 433 | 27124 | 19409 | 76 | |
UK | 118 | 7569 | 6612 | 37 | |
Canada | 79 | 6816 | 6281 | 31 | |
Peoples R China | 72 | 3339 | 2970 | 20 | |
France | 60 | 3304 | 3027 | 22 | |
Germany | 59 | 5706 | 5424 | 24 | |
Italy | 59 | 3263 | 2938 | 21 | |
Netherlands | 55 | 4490 | 4213 | 26 | |
Australia | 46 | 2048 | 1856 | 20 | |
Sweden | 36 | 4499 | 4368 | 20 |
All the top ten sources have more than 12 publications; coincidentally, six sources ( American Journal of Human Genetics, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biological Psychiatry, Molecular Autism, Molecular Psychiatry, Neuron ) produced 12 publications each. Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group) was considered the most relevant source with 14 publications and 203 citations, followed by Nature Neuroscience (Nature Publishing Group) with 14 publications and 1986 citations and Human Molecular Genetics and Plos One with 13 publications each and 1015 and 371 citations, respectively. The analysis reveals that most of the sources belongs to the Q1 category (eight sources), and two in Q2 category. The highest impact factor journal in the list was Nature Neuroscience (JIF=20.07), followed by Neuron (JIF=14.41) and Molecular Psychiatry (JIF=12.38) ( Table 5 ). These results also revealed the gap in the development of the ASD research literature in terms of architectural design perspective. The top ten journals are again from genetic, molecular biology, and biological psychiatry; this top ten listing lags the source in the areas of architecture or architectural design. Hence, the authors have further explored the sources in which the 16 research papers purely on architectural design have been published. They found very few but popular sources in the field, namely, Archnet-IJAR International Journal of Architectural Research, International Journal of Arts and Technology, Housing Studies, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, Advances in Human Factors, Sustainable Urban Planning, and Infrastructure.
Rank | Source | JIF | Q | Country | Publisher | NP | TC | h_index | g_index | m_index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.99 | Q1 | UK | Nature | 16 | 203 | 9 | 14 | 1.29 | ||
20.07 | Q1 | USA | Nature | 14 | 1986 | 11 | 14 | 1.00 | ||
5.1 | Q1 | UK | Oxford University Press | 13 | 1015 | 10 | 13 | 0.83 | ||
2.74 | Q2 | USA | Public Library of Science | 13 | 371 | 9 | 13 | 0.75 | ||
10.5 | Q1 | USA | Cell Press | 12 | 1093 | 10 | 12 | 0.67 | ||
| 3.38 | Q2 | USA | Wiley-Liss | 12 | 293 | 8 | 12 | 0.67 | |
12.09 | Q1 | USA | Elsevier | 12 | 439 | 10 | 12 | 0.77 | ||
5.86 | Q1 | USA | BMC | 12 | 226 | 9 | 12 | 0.82 | ||
12.38 | Q1 | USA | Nature | 12 | 1290 | 9 | 12 | |||
14.41 | Q1 | USA | Cell Press | 12 | 1612 | 11 | 12 | 0.73 |
*NP=Number of Publication **TC=Total Number of Citations ***JIF=Journal impact factor ****Q=Quartile
This analysis reveals that the article range of authors varied between nine and 12. Five authors (Devlin B, Geschwind DH, Scherer SW, State MW, and Wang Y) emerged as the most prolific authors with 13 publications each, 4383, 3409, 3338, 3662, and 333 citations, respectively. Buxbaum JD (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) found as the second highest prolific author with 13 publications and 2970 citations, followed by Bourgeron T, Eichler EE, and Li Y with 11 publications and 2142, 1944, and 568 citations, respectively. Casanova MF (University of South Carolina School of Medicine) noted as the least contributed authors in the top ten list with nine publications and 361 citations. Devlin B (Mount Sinai School of Medicine) was the most cited author with 4383 citations for 13 publications, followed by Geschwind DH with 3409 citations for 13 publications, and Wang Y (Carnegie Mellon University) managed only 333 citations for 13 publications. The table also shows that the most prolific authors belong from the USA (7 authors), followed by Canada, France, and China. ( Table 6 ). It is also revealed that most of the authors belong to medicine and psychology; the authors from the field of architecture are missing from the top 10 list. There are 24 authors found contributing to ASD research in the field of architectural design, amongst them Tufvesson C; Tufvesson J, and Nagib W; Williams A contributing one paper and begged 11 citations, followed by Kinnaer M; Baumers S; Heylighen A (NP=1, TC=8), Mcallister K; Sloan S (NP=1, TC=7). The other authors with one paper received two citations are Segado Vazquez F; Segado Torres A; Dalton C; and Love JS. Shareef SS; Farivarsadri G received one citation for one paper, and the other nine authors didn't receive a citation.
Rank | Author | Affiliation | Country | NP | TC | h_index | g_index | m_index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Devlin B | Mount Sinai School of Medicine | USA | 13 | 4383 | 12 | 13 | 0.80 | |
Geschwind DH | University of California | USA | 13 | 3409 | 12 | 13 | 0.80 | |
Scherer SW | University of Toronto | Canada | 13 | 3338 | 12 | 13 | 0.80 | |
State MW | Mount Sinai School of Medicine | USA | 13 | 3662 | 12 | 13 | 0.86 | |
Wang Y | Carnegie Mellon University | USA | 13 | 333 | 9 | 13 | 1.00 | |
Buxbaum JD | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | USA | 12 | 2970 | 10 | 12 | 0.63 | |
Bourgeron T | Université de Paris | France | 11 | 2142 | 9 | 11 | 0.60 | |
Eichler EE | University of Washington, | USA | 11 | 1944 | 9 | 11 | 0.75 | |
Li Y | Peking University | China | 11 | 568 | 7 | 11 | 1.17 | |
Casanova MF | University of South Carolina School of Medicine | USA | 9 | 361 | 9 | 9 | 0.45 |
The Figure 2 illustrated the pattern of authorship in autism literature. It was clear from the figure that the authorship pattern ranged from single to two hundred and forty-seven. The analysis reveals that collaborative research is more prominent among the research of autism over the study period. The top six authorship patterns produced over 50 publications in the field. Three authorship patterns (NP=123) contributed a maximum article in autism, followed by two authorship (NP=120), four authorship (NP=93), five authorship (NP=79), single authorship (NP=61), and six authorship (NP=56). The authorship of 27, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 56, 58, 65, 67, 73, 86, 88, 118, 125, 146, and 247 each contributed only single publications in autism. The results also showed that two authorship patterns received the highest number of citations (TC=4775), followed by five authorship (TC=3296) and Three authorship (TC=3071). Rahaman conducted a similar type of authorship pattern analysis ( Rahaman et al. , 2021a ).
Figure 3 shows analysis of all keywords used in autism research from 1992–to 2021. The results showed that 3848 keywords appeared in autism research. To map the co-occurrence of all the keywords, minimum of 15 occurrences of keywords were considered for analysis. Out of 3848 keywords, only 79 keywords met the thresholds, and all 79 selected keywords are clustered in Figure 3 with 1737 links and total link strength (5557). The size of the ball indicates a strong network of keywords, with each color representing a distinct cluster.
Cluster 1 comprises 31 keywords (abnormalities, activation, adolescents, adults, architecture Asperger-syndrome, autism, autism spectrum disorder, autism spectrum disorders, behavior, brain, childhood, children, classification, connectivity, cortex, diagnostic interview, fMRI, functional connectivity, high-functioning autism, human cerebral-cortex, meta-analysis, networks, organization, patterns, pervasive developmental disorders, sleep, spectrum disorder, spectrum disorders, white-matter, and young-children).
Cluster 2 has 22 keywords (association, bipolar disorder, copy number variation, disorder, genes, genetic architecture, genetics, genome-wide association, heritability, identification, individuals, linkage, mutations, phenotype, prevalence, psychiatric-disorders, reveals, risk, schizophrenia, spectrum, susceptibility, and variants).
Cluster 3 includes 19 keywords (brain-development, copy number variants, copy-number variation, de-novo mutations, disease, disorders, epilepsy, evolution, expression, gene, intellectual disability, mechanisms, mental-retardation, network, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurons, prefrontal cortex, protein, and structural variation).
Cluster 4 has seven keywords (fragile x syndrome, fragile-x-syndrome, gene-expression, mental-retardation protein, mouse model, rett-syndrome, and synaptic plasticity).
The top ten keywords were autism (frequency=257), architecture (165), autism spectrum disorder (127), children (123), schizophrenia (92), autism spectrum disorders (91), de-novo mutations (86), Risk (73), brain (59) and expression (freq.=55) had weighty number of occurrence with strong total link strength.
Each cluster is based on the theme, which shows the various aspect of the subject and its development. The themes special for architecture or design or built environment are missing to track the development of the subject.
The authors have found a few trendy keywords are missing here, such as acoustics, acoustical control, spatial sequencing, escape spaces, compartmentalization, natural light, fluorescent light, snoezelen, sensory environment, multisensory, neutral sensory, hypersensitive, hyposensitive, sensory trigger, sensory zoning, stimulus level, overstimulating, transition, transition spaces, safety, audio, auditory, auditory processing, distraction, interactive, tactile, tactile sense, altered senses.
Figure 4 shows four alternative typologies of themes that can be visualized using a thematic map. The thematic parameter is considered the title selected for the field, the minimum number of words selected is 80, and Unigram is selected for the graph.
The basic theme: Autism spectrum which represented by cluster 1 (autism, spectrum, disorder, children, brain, network, functional, connectivity, based, analysis, sleep, neural, developmental, learning, networks, structural, reveals, system, approach, design, matter, review, robot, resting, control, developing and white).
The motor theme: architecture human in cluster 2 (architecture, human, gene, syndrome, social, development, cortical, protein, autistic, model, synaptic, fragile, neuronal, cognitive, ASD, altered, behavior, mental, mice, role, cortex, expression, function, visual, cell, mouse, processing, and activity.
Niche theme: genetic disorder placed in cluster 3 (disorders, genetic, variants, risk, schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental, genes, psychiatric, rare, common, de, genetics, novo, genomic, related, mutations, copy, disease, mechanisms, and sequencing).
Emerging or declining theme: study genome represented by cluster 4 (study, genome, association, wide and evidence).
The top ten papers ( Table 7 ) have more than 300 citations, published between 2007 and2015. "Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model" (2011) by Menon V, published in Trends Cogn Sci was the topmost cited paper (1425 citations) ( Menon, 2011 ), followed by "Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism" (2014) by De Rubeis S, appeared in " Nature " (1220 citations) ( De Rubeis et al. , 2014 ), "The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder" (2014) by Iossifov I, published in Nature (1118 citations) ( Iossifov et al. , 2014 ), "Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements" (2007) by Szatmari (999 citations) ( Szatmari et al. , 2007 ). "Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders" (2011) by Penzes (838 citations) ( Penzes et al. , 2011 ), and "A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism" was the least cited paper among the top ten (393 citations) ( Anney et al. , 2010 ). It was noticeable that half of the top ten cited papers were published by Nature Publishing Group. The article entitled "Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism" ( De Rubeis et al. , 2014 ) has the highest total citations per year (152.50).
Rank | Title | Author | Yar | Source | TC | TC/Year | N/TC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model ( ) | Menon V | 2011 | Trends Cogn Sci | 1425 | 129.55 | 10.83 | |
Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism ( ., 2014) | De Rubeis S | 2014 | Nature | 1220 | 152.50 | 9.75 | |
The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder ( ., 2014) | Iossifov I | 2014 | Nature | 1118 | 139.75 | 8.93 | |
Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements ( ., 2007) | Szatmari P | 2007 | Nature Genet | 999 | 66.60 | 5.00 | |
Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders ( ., 2011) | Penzes | 2011 | Nat Neurosci | 838 | 76.18 | 6.37 | |
The autism brain imaging data exchange: towards a large-scale evaluation of the intrinsic brain architecture in autism ( ., 2014) | Di Martino A | 2014 | Mol Psychiatr | 769 | 96.13 | 6.14 | |
Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci ( ., 2015) | Sanders Sj | 2015 | Neuron | 563 | 80.43 | 15.60 | |
Most genetic risk for autism resides with common variation ( ., 2014) | Gaugler T | 2014 | Nature Genet | 542 | 67.75 | 4.33 | |
Mapping Early Brain Development in Autism ( ., 2007) | Courchesne E | 2007 | Neuron | 485 | 32.33 | 2.43 | |
A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism ( ., 2010) | Anney R | 2010 | Hum Mol Genet | 393 | 32.75 | 4.30 |
*N/TC=Normalized total citation
The papers that are well received in architecture or architectural design are not listed here due to a lack of citations than the papers in the other fields; hence, the ASD research in the given fields is less prevalent. The most cited papers in the architectural field are: ' The building process as a tool towards an all-inclusive school. A Swedish example focusing on children with defined concentration difficulties such as ADHD, Autism, and Down's Syndrome (2009) and 'Toward an Autism-friendly home environment' (2017) received 11 citations each. ' Autism-friendly architecture from the outside in and the inside out: An explorative study based on autobiographies of Autistic people' (2016) received eight citations, and 'Designed by the pupils, for the pupils: An Autism-friendly school' (2016) got seven citations.
Table 8 explained the most top ten cited references in autism research. It is clear from the table that all listed references received more than 50 citations. Article entitled "Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci" (2015) by Sanders SJ, appeared in 'Neuron' was the most cited (TC=92) reference in autism research ( Sanders et al. , 2015 ), followed by an article named 'Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism (2014) by De Rubeis S with 91 citations ( De Rubeis et al. , 2014 ), 'and 'The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder' (2014) by Lossifov I with 91 citations and appeared in the journal Nature ( Iossifov et al. , 2014 ). The cited references 'De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum (2012) by Iossifov I published in 'NEURON' was the most diminutive receiver of citation with 61 TC ( Iossifov et al. , 2012 ). However, the top ten listed references belong to the biotechnology, genetic architecture, and medicinal aspects; the gap identified here is the lack of ASD study on architectural in terms of designer perspective.
Rank | Title | Author | Year | Source | TC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci ( ., 2015) | Sanders SJ | 2015 | NEURON | 92 | |
Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism ( ., 2014) | De Rubeis S | 2014 | Nature | 91 | |
The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder ( ., 2014) | Iossifov I | 2014 | Nature | 91 | |
Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism ( ., 2007) | Sebat J | 2007 | Science | 79 | |
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders ( ., 2010) | Pinto D | 2010 | Nature | 77 | |
De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism ( ., 2012) | Sanders SJ | 2012 | Nature | 73 | |
Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations ( ., 2012) | O'roak BJ | 2012 | Nature | 70 | |
Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder ( ., 2008) | Marshall CR | 2008 | AM J HUM GENET | 69 | |
Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders ( ., 2012) | Neale BM | 2012 | Nature | 68 | |
De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum ( ., 2012) | Iossifov I | 2012 | NEURON | 61 |
There are only four funding agencies from the top 10 list which funded more than 100 research papers ( Table 9 ). National Institutes of Health renowned as leading funding agency (313 publications, 23087 citations), followed by the United States Department of Human Health Services (313 publications, 22759 citations), the National Institute of Mental Health (182 publications, 16164 citations), European Commission (111 publications, 8476 citations), and National Institute of Child Health Human Development (66 publications, 7927 citations). The Wellcome Trust appeared as the least influential funding agency among the top ten (36 publications, 3959 citations). The USA was dominant in the top ten list (six funding agencies), followed by the UK (three funding agencies) and one agency from the EU.
Rank | Funding agencies | Country | NP | % Of 812 | TC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Institutes of Health | USA | 313 | 38.547 | 23087 | |
United States Department of Health Human Services | USA | 313 | 38.547 | 22759 | |
National Institute of Mental Health | USA | 182 | 22.414 | 16164 | |
European Commission | EU | 111 | 13.67 | 8476 | |
National Institute of Child Health Human Development | USA | 66 | 8.128 | 7927 | |
National Institute of Neurological Disorders Stroke | USA | 62 | 7.635 | 7101 | |
National Institute of General Medical Sciences | USA | 50 | 6.158 | 2827 | |
UK Research Innovation | UK | 50 | 6.158 | 4947 | |
Medical Research Council UK | UK | 48 | 5.911 | 5097 | |
Wellcome Trust | UK | 36 | 4.433 | 3959 |
It is to be noted that all funding agencies belong to the health and medicine except one that is the 'UK Research Innovation,' which is a good sign for the researcher belonging to the field of innovation, architecture, design, and creativity to apply for a funded research/projects.
The most dominant country collaborations were the USA and United Kingdom (51 publications), followed by the USA and Canada (43 publications), the USA and China (38 publications), the USA and Italy (26 publications), and the USA and the Netherlands (26 publications). The USA with Sweden collaboration (19 publications) was listed at the bottom of the top ten list. It was interesting to show that the USA collaborated with nine countries (the UK, Canada, China, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Australia, and Sweden). The UK followed this with two countries (the USA and Canada). ( Figure 5 ).
This bibliometric study has been proposed to cover the knowledge gap between the amount of literature that has been published on autism in medical and psychological journals over the years and the published research with the architectural and design approach. However, no other bibliometric analysis has been done from 1992 to 2021 that comprehensively evaluates and summarizes the literature, progress, and future directions of this key sub-area of ASD research. The results are eye-opening since only 16 out of 812 papers retrieved are purely relevant to the architectural and designers' perspective. The other papers are medicine, psychology, biotechnology, ICT, computer software design, etc.
The keywords and thematic analyses identified the huge missing gap since all are too generic, therefore, the authors have identified a few missing keywords, which leads them to suggest that more ASD research needs to be done in terms of built environment characteristics, negative sensory experiences, and conducive design features.
The literature review indicated that the performance prediction model (PPM) needs more research since, for over 2 decades, only 2 projects (cited in literature review) focused on describing the transactions between the users and their physical environment through the behavior. It also suggested that designers need to work more in defining codes and guideline to build autism-friendly environment to support people with ASD. The top ten analyses of the country, institution and funding agencies show that the USA is highly active in producing ASD research. Stanford University is noted as the most cited organization might be due to its own program for Autism research, extending a good platform for the researchers in this field. The 'UK Research Innovation' is the only funding agency to provide opportunities to researchers in design and innovation.This research also leads researchers to discover the most influential publications, authors, and journals in this field.
Here are a few noteworthy emerging trends (the missing gap in this study) in ASD research where researchers in the field of architectural design and built environment can dwell in are; acoustical control, spatial sequencing, escape spaces, compartmentalization, snoezelen, sensory environment, sensory zoning, overstimulation, transition spaces, safety, auditory processing, tactile sense, altered senses .
[version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.
Peter kokol.
1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
Authors answered to my comments, and I would like to approve the article.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Reviewer Expertise:
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
Hashem hussein al-attas.
1 Deanship of Library Affairs, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The authors have collected an exclusive dataset from Web of Science using quantitative methodology. The bibliometric method to map the global research publication on autism spectrum disorder in architecture perspective, definitely contributes to the field and other researchers. It can help them decide the most productive country, journals, organization, pattern of authorship, most important author keywords, research themes, and new international collaboration. The analyses, results, and interpretation display interesting and beneficial data. Moreover, quality of the text is good. There are a few unnecessary capitalizations in the sentences, but ignorable. Overall the paper represents valuable information regarding autism spectrum disorder in architecture research.
I have enough knowledge in the field of bibliometric and scientometric studies.
The authors performed an interesting bibliometric study. They focused mainly on quantitative aspects of the research on autism-related architectural design. However, the paper should be amended in some aspects to make it more informative for readers and to make the study repeatable.
First, the introduction and the literature review should be extended with a description of bibliometrics, evidence of its successful use (and the reason why they selected bibliometrics as a knowledge synthesis method), the bibliometrics tools used should be shortly described and their use in the study stated more clearly. There are already some bibliometrics studies on autism and other disabilities already published, authors should point to them in the literature review and connect their research to already performed studies (they should also compare their results to results of similar studies in the discussion section).
Computer science, bibliometrics, machine learning, health informatics
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.
Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University , Saudi Arabia
Authors Response : Done, the authors have worked more on the dataset and amended the annual literature growth table 1 to compare the literature growth in general with literature growth from the architectural and designers' perspective.
Authors Response : Done, the introduction and the literature review have been extended and previous bibliometric studies included and compared the results.
Authors Response : Done, all the issues raised have been addressed.
Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive patterns of behavior. The term "spectrum" in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and severity.
Autism spectrum disorder includes conditions that were previously considered separate — autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and an unspecified form of pervasive developmental disorder. Some people still use the term "Asperger's syndrome," which is generally thought to be at the mild end of autism spectrum disorder.
Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood and eventually causes problems functioning in society — socially, in school and at work, for example. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year. A small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year, and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms.
While there is no cure for autism spectrum disorder, intensive, early treatment can make a big difference in the lives of many children.
Some children show signs of autism spectrum disorder in early infancy, such as reduced eye contact, lack of response to their name or indifference to caregivers. Other children may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language skills they've already acquired. Signs usually are seen by age 2 years.
Each child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to have a unique pattern of behavior and level of severity — from low functioning to high functioning.
Some children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning, and some have signs of lower than normal intelligence. Other children with the disorder have normal to high intelligence — they learn quickly, yet have trouble communicating and applying what they know in everyday life and adjusting to social situations.
Because of the unique mixture of symptoms in each child, severity can sometimes be difficult to determine. It's generally based on the level of impairments and how they impact the ability to function.
Below are some common signs shown by people who have autism spectrum disorder.
A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have problems with social interaction and communication skills, including any of these signs:
A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have limited, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, including any of these signs:
As they mature, some children with autism spectrum disorder become more engaged with others and show fewer disturbances in behavior. Some, usually those with the least severe problems, eventually may lead normal or near-normal lives. Others, however, continue to have difficulty with language or social skills, and the teen years can bring worse behavioral and emotional problems.
Babies develop at their own pace, and many don't follow exact timelines found in some parenting books. But children with autism spectrum disorder usually show some signs of delayed development before age 2 years.
If you're concerned about your child's development or you suspect that your child may have autism spectrum disorder, discuss your concerns with your doctor. The symptoms associated with the disorder can also be linked with other developmental disorders.
Signs of autism spectrum disorder often appear early in development when there are obvious delays in language skills and social interactions. Your doctor may recommend developmental tests to identify if your child has delays in cognitive, language and social skills, if your child:
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Autism spectrum disorder has no single known cause. Given the complexity of the disorder, and the fact that symptoms and severity vary, there are probably many causes. Both genetics and environment may play a role.
One of the greatest controversies in autism spectrum disorder centers on whether a link exists between the disorder and childhood vaccines. Despite extensive research, no reliable study has shown a link between autism spectrum disorder and any vaccines. In fact, the original study that ignited the debate years ago has been retracted due to poor design and questionable research methods.
Avoiding childhood vaccinations can place your child and others in danger of catching and spreading serious diseases, including whooping cough (pertussis), measles or mumps.
The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is rising. It's not clear whether this is due to better detection and reporting or a real increase in the number of cases, or both.
Autism spectrum disorder affects children of all races and nationalities, but certain factors increase a child's risk. These may include:
Problems with social interactions, communication and behavior can lead to:
There's no way to prevent autism spectrum disorder, but there are treatment options. Early diagnosis and intervention is most helpful and can improve behavior, skills and language development. However, intervention is helpful at any age. Though children usually don't outgrow autism spectrum disorder symptoms, they may learn to function well.
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Running Head: AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER TOOLS AND ASSESSMENTS AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: EXAMINING CURRENT DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS M. A. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Education Biola University La Mirada, California USA By Amy Marie Wormald December 2011 Approved by: Committee Chair: Date:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with varied levels of communication, social, behavioral, and sensory challenges (American Psychological Association, 2016). The National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2018) reported estimated rates of ASD in the United States climbing to one in 68 children
A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Reference Number: ERN 13-0875. Autism Centre for Education and Research. School of Education. College of Social Sciences . University of Birmingham . September 2015
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopment disease characterized by impaired social interactions, communication deficits, restricted interests, stereotyped and ...
People with autism prefer to follow a routine and are therefore threatened by any kind of change. Sommons (2010) argues that, due to the rapid rise in autism prevalence since the mid-eighties, more and more children with autism are left to approach adulthood without comprehensive resources to facilitate their transition.
Abstract. This paper is a literature review of some of the popular treatments for autism spectrum disorder. (ASD). It begins with an overview of ASD, the common symptoms, and comorbidities. It. includes a review of pharmacological treatments, behavioral treatments, and dietary treatments. Some treatment options in each of those categories are ...
The present study investigated family quality of life (FQOL) as experienced by 493 mothers and fathers (295 families) of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prior to receiving early ...
This thesis offers a critical perspective on the conceptualisation of autism in psychology. It grounds this alternative view of autism based on an empirical analysis of how the autistic children and their family members in the interactions analysed manage complex social psychological matters in the production of their social action.
of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to social and healthcare workers in order to provide compas-sionate care for individuals with Autism. The thesis has been implemented by using the literature review method, and the data was analyzed by using the content analysis. Twelve articles were se-lected from Cinahl Ultimate, PubMed, and ScienceDirect.
Childhood adversity and resilience are important considerations in developing mental health supports for individuals on the autism spectrum. Research and clinical practice can adopt a neurodiversity-affirming perspective to better meet the mental health needs of autistic individuals. Engaging the autistic community to provide their perspectives ...
2.1. Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asperger's syndrome was defined in 1944 by Hans Asperger [].The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [] defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a condition characterized by deficits in two core domains: (1) social communication and social interaction and (2) restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests ...
Pivotal Response Training (PRT) is a comprehensive intervention package for students with autism targeting "pivotal behaviors" include motivation, initiation, initiation of social interaction, self-management, and understanding and utilizing multiple environmental. cues (Koegel & Koegel, 2006; Schriebman et al., 1996).
A striking feature of autism is the high male to female ratio, which has traditionally been reported to vary across the spectrum; most studies quote 4-5:1, falling to 2:1 where autism is accompanied by significant intellectual disability, and rising to perhaps 10:1 amongst autistic individuals with average or superior intellectual ability ...
Having a child with autism results in a unique set of challenges for both parents and siblings. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has significant empirical support demonstrating its effectiveness as a treatment for children with autism. However, effective behavioral interventions should also consider how the family is affected. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived ...
Autism: Treatment Strategies 2 . Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to so many people who have helped me through this process of completing my master's thesis on the treatment strategies for autism. First and foremost, I would like to thank my outstanding professors at Dominican University. Dr.
services. Autism becomes evident in children when they fail to meet or are delayed in meeting developmental milestones. Signs of autism can be noticed as early as eighteen months of age; however, it is usually not diagnosed until the child is two years old. Autism is diagnosed through a behavioral assessment by a trained professional (CDC, 2018).
The first column of Table 3 identifies books or papers used as a source. The second column shows an identifier of the human sciences approach taken. The third column (parallel to the explanatory mechanism used in Table 2) states the mechanism taken as primary in accounting for autism and column four contains a categorization of the theory in light of a central element of our pattern.
' Autism-friendly architecture from the outside in and the inside out: An explorative study based on autobiographies of Autistic people' (2016) received eight citations, and 'Designed by the pupils, ... Could light colour and source change mood in children with autism? Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).2020. Reference Source ...
Drawing upon a social constructionist framework, this qualitative research study sought to understand how psychological and socio-cultural constructions of autism spectrum condition and gender influence the well-being of women on the autism spectrum.
Eastern Michigan University
The aim of this paper is to provide information regarding diversity in speech and language profiles of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and try to classify these profiles according ...
Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive patterns of behavior. The term "spectrum" in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of ...
This is to certify that the thesis titled "CENTER FOR AUTISTIC. CHILDREN: AN ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION" has been. submitted by SRIVANI MANCHALA (1090100096) towards partial. fulfilment of the ...