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Writing Tips

Percent, Per Cent and Percentages

2-minute read
26th March 2018

We’ve been told that putting 110% into anything is mathematically impossible . But we’re proofreaders, not mathematicians! As such, we’re not going to let math get in the way of putting everything we have into solving your writing problems . Today, for example, we’re looking at writing percentages.

Words and Numbers

As with any numbers , percentages can be written as either words or numbers:

Words: Around nine percent of people dislike coffee.

Numbers: Approximately 91% of people like coffee.

The examples above reflect three important guidelines when writing percentages:

Numbers up to ten are usually written as words, while larger numbers are written as numerals
When a percentage is written as a word, it should be followed by “percent”
When a percentage is written as a numeral, it should be followed by the “%” sign

However, this can vary depending on the context (e.g., measurements in scientific writing are almost always written as numerals, even for numbers under ten). It’s therefore a good idea to check your style guide for advice on how to write percentages.

Percent vs. Per Cent

The question we’re asked most often about writing percentages is whether to use “percent” or “per cent.” Ultimately, though, this doesn’t really matter: both are accepted spellings of this term.

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Again, we recommend checking your style guide if you have one, as some publishers and colleges have a preference. And “percent” is much more common these days than “per cent.” But other than that, the main thing is picking one spelling and using it consistently throughout your work.

When to Use “Percentage”

Finally, we have the word “percentage.” Although similar to “percent,” this word has a slightly different usage: “Percent” is used with specific numbers, while “percentage” is used when referring to a general or non-specific amount of something. For example:

A small percentage of the forms were coffee stained.

Almost seven percent of the forms were coffee stained.

As shown above, you should use “percentage” when the exact amount is unspecified.

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When to Use the Percent Sign in a Sentence (The Ultimate Guide)

By Erin Wright

Image of large percent sign in a room with overlay title When to Use the Percent Sign in a Sentence

To understand when to use the percent sign instead of the word percent , we need to look at the recommendations provided by all four of our primary style guides:

The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style)

The Associated Press Stylebook (AP style)

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style)

MLA Handbook from the Modern Language Association (MLA style)

Note that The Chicago Manual of Style is the default guide for the publishing industry, so strongly consider following Chicago style if you don’t have a designated guide. For additional information about each guide, visit “ Which Style Guide Is Best for You? ”

Before we begin, here are several tips for writing the percent sign regardless of which style guide you follow.

Four Tips for Writing the Percent Sign in a Sentence

1. Don’t include a space between the percent sign and the numeral.

Not-so-good: 15 %

2. When possible, rewrite sentences that start with a numeral and percent sign or add an introductory word or phrase so that the numeral–percent sign combination doesn’t appear at the beginning.

Not-so-good: 17% of the inventory was moldy.

Good: Unfortunately, 17% of the inventory was moldy.

3. Only use the percent sign with numerals, not spelled-out numbers.

Not-so-good: Over thirty-seven% of the county fair tickets were sold before opening day.

Good: Over 37% of the county fair tickets were sold before opening day.

4. Always pair the percent sign with a numeral; don’t use the percent sign as a standalone abbreviation for the noun percentage .

Not-so-good: Only a small % of voters requested mail-in ballots.

Good: Only a small percentage of voters requested mail-in ballots.

When to Use the Percent Sign according to Chicago Style

The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style) has separate recommendations for nontechnical and technical content.

For nontechnical content, Chicago style suggests using numerals and the word percent instead of the percent sign. However, if the number falls at the beginning of the sentence, it should be spelled out rather than written as a numeral. 1

The survey showed that only 9 percent of employees liked the company’s new cafeteria food.

Twenty-seven percent of the art students preferred pastels to colored pencils.

For technical content, Chicago style suggests using numerals with the percent sign. But, use the word percent if the number appears at the start of the sentence with a spelled-out number. 2

Of the 500 cats in the study, 17% refused to play with the research toys.

Ninety-five percent of the native trees and 75% of the feed crops survived the drought.

Nontechnical Content versus Technical Content

The line between nontechnical and technical content is sometimes blurry. For example, an article about astrophysics is most likely (very!) technical. However, simpler content, such as a marketing brochure for the general public, might still be considered technical if it includes a lot of numbers. In those borderline situations, choose the style you believe will best serve your audience.

When to Use the Percent Sign according to AP Style

The Associated Press Stylebook (AP style) recently updated its recommendations for using percent signs. Previously, AP style used the word percent with numerals. 3 Now, AP style uses the percent sign with numerals in formal content. 4

The charity drive collected 33% more donations this year.

If you are referring to a percent generically or casually, AP style suggests spelling out the number and using the word percent . 5

Bob said, “I thought I had about a one percent chance of finding my lost wedding band. But here it is.”

If a percent must appear at the beginning of a sentence, spell out the number and use the word percent . 6

Forty-seven percent of participants preferred ankle socks more than calf-length socks.

When to Use the Percent Sign according to APA Style

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style) recommends using numerals with the percent sign within a sentence. 7

The grocery store saw a 42% increase in ice cream sales in July.

APA style also recommends using the word percent with spelled-out numbers at the start of a sentence. 8

Fifty-three percent of the moviegoers ate popcorn; 7% ate smuggled-in candy.

When to Use the Percent Sign according to MLA Style

The MLA Handbook (MLA style) recommends spelling out numbers and the word percent when they can be written in less than three words. 9

The professor was disappointed that only seventy-five percent of the class finished the assignment.

If the numbers can’t be written in less than three words, use numerals with the percent sign. 10

Home values increased 25.2% in the last year.

In number-heavy documents, the MLA Style Center recommends using numerals with the percent sign (although presumably not at the start of a sentence). 11

After training, 83% of the shelter dogs could follow sit and stay commands.

Related Resources

Three Tips for Starting a Sentence with a Number

When to Hyphenate Numbers with Units of Time

How to Write Large Numbers

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 9.18.
The Associated Press Stylebook 2018 (New York: Associated Press, 2018), 221.
The Associated Press Stylebook 2022–2024 (New York: Associated Press, 2022), 223.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2020), 6.44.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2020), 6.33.
MLA Handbook , 9th ed. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2021), 2.131.

Updated June 24, 2022

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The Barker Underground

Writing advice from the harvard college writing center tutors, one hundred percent or 100% tips for writing numbers..

by Raymond DeLuca, English Grammar and Language Tutor

Students bring all sorts of different essays to the Writing Center, and each discipline has its own conventions when it comes to writing numbers. People are always surprised to learn that, yes, there are good and not so good ways to write numbers in English. So, this information will save you a headache. After all, it is not the best use of your time when writing an essay (especially when it’s due in a few hours) to get stuck thinking, well, is it “3” or “three”?

Just as there are different citation styles for citing sources in different academic fields, there are also different conventions for writing numbers. Each of the most common citation styles—MLA, APA, and Chicago– offers slightly different rules for writing numbers. You should always make sure you know what style and citation guidelines you should be following for a specific assignment. If you are writing a non-technical paper and can choose your style, I recommend following the MLA guidelines, which make a lot of sense and are commonly used in cases where you’re not using a lot of numbers.

Rule #1: When should you write out numbers and when should you use the number?

For papers in the humanities and in some social sciences, you will often use either the MLA or Chicago citation styles. In those styles, when you are writing a non-technical paper, you should write out numbers less than one hundred, using a dash for two-digit numbers: eight, fifteen, forty-five, sixty-two, eighty-seven, etc., etc. And, for numbers over one hundred: 1,435; 2,870; 5,740; 11,480. Someone here is bound to ask: “Well, does that mean one trillion should be written as 1,000,000,000,000?” No, of course not. If the number (even if it’s above one hundred) can be easily expressed in words, then keep it in words: four hundred, eight thousand, three billion, nine quintillion, etc.

If you’re using APA style, you should generally only write out numbers 1-9 and use numerals for everything else. But there is an exception: If you are using a number at the beginning of the sentence, you should write it out.

Rule #2 What about percentages?

Just like with regular numbers, different style guides express different preferences for percentages. I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to use the word “percent” rather than the percent sign, “%.” It’s ugly.

In this case, Chicago and APA style both call for using use numbers in percentages.

Rule #3: What about years?

MLA, Chicago, and APA style all say that years are better written in numerals, not words: 1967, not “nineteen sixty-seven.” (Sometimes students write out the years to pad their paper’s word count; it’s not a good look! Everyone can see what you’re doing.) It’s also considered poor style to start a sentence with a year, i.e., “2020 has been a bad year.” You could rephrase that, writing instead: “Many people thought 2020 would be a better year.”

Rule #4: What about decades?

If you’re talking about a series of events that occurred in a certain decade, say, from 1980 – 1989, you can refer to that period in three different ways: the eighties, the ‘80s, or the 1980s. But stay clear of the “nineteen eighties.”

Rule #5: If you ever find yourself writing about a score or a court decision or a ratio, you should stick with numerals (even if said numbers are less than one hundred). For example, “The Red Sox were up 4-2 before losing 6-4,” or “The contentious 5-4 Supreme Court ruling says…”

These are obviously not the only situations you will encounter when you need to write a number, but these rules will help clear up some of the most common issues I’ve seen in student writing. Numbers can be as easy as one, two, three. If you find yourself writing a science or an econometrics paper, you may have to use way more numbers than you would otherwise, and you will need to make sure you are following the guidelines in your field. Generally, though, these five suggestions are good to keep in mind.

Grammar Phile Blog

3 rules for using percentages.

Posted by Terri Porter Jan 28, 2016 7:00:00 AM

Percent vs. Percentage

Although some sources (the mercurial Merriam-Webster ’s being one of them) suggest that percent and percentage are interchangeable, the more traditional approach is to use percent with a number and percentage with no number:

A surprisingly high percentage of college freshmen drop out.

More than 25 percent of college freshmen drop out.

No style guide that we know of supports using numerals with percentage . For that reason, the following construction is incorrect:

The percentage of college freshmen who drop out is higher than 25.

You’d either need to add “percent” at the end of the sentence or rewrite to avoid using “percentage/percent” in the same sentence. The latter approach is preferable but not always possible, as in sports stories. For example:

Tater and Tot had the highest field goal percentages for the night, shooting 63 and 68 percent, respectively.

Percent vs. Percentage Points

Suppose you encounter the following news item:

Interest rates jumped from 6 to 9 percent.

Would you say interest rates increased by 3 percent or by 3 percentage points? The latter is correct. Here’s why …

Percent change is the ratio of two values (the difference between the new value and the old value, divided by the old value). Using the above example, (9-6)/6 = .50. So you could correctly say either of the following:

Interest rates increased by 50 percent.

Interest rates increased by 3 percentage points.

The easy way to remember which term to use is this: If you’re just subtracting one percentage from another (9% – 6%), use percentage points to talk about the difference.

Words vs. Symbols

Whether to spell out percent or use the % symbol is largely a matter of style, as is using numerals versus spelling out the numerical values.

The Chicago Manual of Style , for instance, says that percent is usually used in nontechnical contexts, while % is more common in scientific and statistical copy. Numerals are used in all instances with percent except at the beginning of a sentence.

The AP Stylebook always spells out percent because the symbol doesn’t translate between AP and newspaper computers. It also always uses numerals with percent except at the beginning of a sentence.

Both the AMA and APA style guides say to use % with numerals in all cases except at the beginning of a sentence.

Some clients have their own style. The important point is to apply whatever style you choose consistently.

A high percentage of businesses benefit in immeasurable ways by using Proofread NOW .com. You can be one of them. Find out more here .

Topics: percentage points , percentage , percent , percent sign

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How to Write Percentages in a Formal Paper

How Do You Find Out a Percent of a Number?

The next time you must write a formal paper, make certain you have the correct style guide to use when creating the document. Some style manuals want you to write out "percent" after a number, and others may prefer that you use the percentage symbol instead. If you don't follow the manual's specific guidelines, you may end up wasting all your efforts. Colleges, journalism outlets, book publishers and scientific groups – to name a few – all use different style guides for writing.

What Style Manuals Provide

Style guides or manuals, depending on the specific publication, provide the correct font to use; citation styles for citing books; article title and footnote formats; address and decimal formats; correct usage of em or en dashes, acronyms, numbers and percentages; quotation attribution requirements; and much more. Each style manual or guide is different and may have you write out the word "percent" or use the percentage symbol after the number.

Multiple Style Manuals

Use the style guide best suited to your formal paper:

Humanities studies typically use the MLA style manual. * Education and psychology use the APA style guide. * History, business and some fine arts studies use the Chicago-Turabian style guide. * Sciencing and engineering studies typically use the CSE-CBE style manual. * Book publishers prefer the Chicago Manual of Style
Most journalism outlets use the AP style guide

Writing a Percentage

Under the MLA style guide, write numbers out and add the word "percent" behind the number. For scientific papers, you can use the percent symbol, but check the guide you're using to ensure this is correct. The reason these guides require percent spelled out instead of using the symbol is to ensure no mistake is made. Symbols sometimes lead to confusion when used, unless required by the specific guide. The APA style guide requires the use of the percentage symbol after a number, but it also requires you to spell out percentages when using the word in a sentence.

Use the Correct Style Manual

For instance, in the APA style guide, you must format pages with 1-inch margins all around, include a header on each page called a running head – the title of your paper not to exceed 50 characters – and include four major sections in the paper such as:

If you are writing a formal paper for a college course, the instructor will inform you, at some point, as to the correct style guide to use.

How to find the dewey decimal number for a book, how to average two percentages, rules for using numbers in apa format, how to find z-scores on a ti-84 plus, how to divide a percent using a calculator, measurements in ap style, how to write 33% as a fraction, how to subtract 20% on a calculator, 4 simple steps to taking more effective notes, how do i find out my illinois teacher certification..., how to use the percentage key on a calculator, how to calculate your grades, difference between a bar graph & pie chart, accuplacer rules, how to save notes on a ti-83 plus, how to determine your practice clep score, how to use memory & display functions on a scientific..., instructions for a casio ms 80.

Purdue University Online Writing Lab: Writing Numbers
American Psychological Association: The Grammar of Mathematics: Percentage or %?
Chicago Manual of Style Online: Bibliography
Purdue University Online Writing Lab: General Format
Lake Sumter State College: Guide to AP Style

About the Author

As a journalist and editor for several years, Laurie Brenner has covered many topics in her writings, but science is one of her first loves. Her stint as Manager of the California State Mining and Mineral Museum in California's gold country served to deepen her interest in science which she now fulfills by writing for online science websites. Brenner is also a published sci-fi author. She graduated from San Diego's Coleman College in 1972.

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How to write numbers and percentage?

In the sentence –

Auditors recommend an increase of the allowance for bad debts by ten %.

– should the percent sign be there or should the word percent be spelled out. Also should the number be written in a numeral format?

writing-style
percentages

4 Please see also Writing . Good Luck. – Kris Commented May 20, 2019 at 10:20

3 Answers 3

In general, it is good practice that the symbol that a number is associated with agrees with the way the number is written (in numeric or text form). For example, $3 instead of 3 dollars .

Note that this doesn't apply when the numbers are large, so it is perfectly fine to write 89.5 percent , as eighty-nine-and-a-half percent is very clunky.

This source puts it simply:

When writing percentages and money references, use the numeral with the percent or dollar sign.

Also, this answer on Academia.SE says "APA version 6 style manual has an entire section starting from 4.31 on how to present numbers in text" and provides a summary.

Therefore, you should write either 10% or ten percent - note that it is a common mistake for some to write per and cent separately. For some classical humour, check out this xkcd post .

What is incorrect is for the number to be written in text form but not for the symbol. That is, ten % or £ five is not good phrasing.

2 +1. But I've quickly edited your post to show how we prefer our links/references to be explained, since links sometimes break and a reference without an explanation then becomes meaningless. :-) – Chappo Hasn't Forgotten Commented May 20, 2019 at 7:44
4 Note that it is not a mistake to write per cent in the UK or Canada (and perhaps in other places or according to some style guides), where it is the accepted spelling of the word, which is derived from per centum . – Jason Bassford Commented May 20, 2019 at 17:44
2 The opening sentence of this answer—"In general, it is good practice that the symbol that a number is associated with agrees with the way the number is written (in numeric or text form)"—seems reasonable, but most current style guides in the United States disagree with it. None of the style guides I consulted endorse the form "ten %," but the contrary mixed form "10 percent" finds support in a number of U.S. style guides, including two of the most influential ones: The Chicago Manual of Style and The Associated Press Stylebook . See my answer below for relevant style guide excerpts. – Sven Yargs Commented Jul 27, 2019 at 23:27

If you're writing out the number then write out 'percent', e.g. ten percent, otherwise use the sign, e.g. 10%.

7 I'm not disagreeing with your answer, but it would be so much more useful if you could add a reference as evidence in support of it, to distinguish it from mere opinion or personal practice/preference. I can't upvote it as it stands, whereas with a little effort it could easily pick up votes not just this week, but (given there's no other answer I can find on our site) regularly over time! :-) – Chappo Hasn't Forgotten Commented May 20, 2019 at 7:24
4 -1 Happy to retract the downvote once a reference has been supplied. – Mari-Lou A Commented Jul 27, 2019 at 10:32

Style guides differ considerably on the best way to express a percentage such as ten percent. To make matters even fuzzier, some of them have different advice depending on whether the term appears in running text or in a special element (such as a table) and depending on whether the subject of the text is general or heavily scientific or statistical. Here is a quick survey of different style guide advice on how to render percentages.

From The Chicago Manual of Style , sixteenth edition (2010):

9.18 Percentages . Except at the beginning of a sentence, percentages are usually expressed in numerals. In nontechnical contexts, the word percent is usually used; in scientific and statistical copy, the symbol % is more common. Fewer than 3 percent of the employees used public transportation. With 90–95 percent of the wok complete, we can relax. A 75 percent likelihood of winning is worth the effort. Her five-year certificate of deposit carries an interest rare of 5.9 percent. Only 20% of the ants were observed to react to the stimulus. The treatment resulted in a 20%–25% increase in reports of night blindness.

Note that percent , an adverb, is not interchangeable with the noun percentage (1 percent is a very small percentage). Note also that no space appears between the numeral and the symbol %.

As its examples show, Chicago endorses "10 percent" in most general-text situations, "Ten percent" at the beginning of a general-text sentence, and "10%" in scientific and technical text. Chicago doesn't address how to handle "10%" if that term were to appear at the beginning of a sentence in a scientific or statistical text, but I imagine that it would advise you to use "Ten percent," with the further proviso that you should recast the sentence to avoid putting the percentage term at the beginning if the spelled-out form seemed excessively awkward (that is, it would recommend changing "Ninety-seven point three percent of survey respondents said..." to something like "In the survey, 97.3% of respondents said...").

From Margery Fee & Janice McAlpine, [Oxford] Guide to Canadian English Usage , second edition (2007):

percentage, per cent, percent Percentage is always one word. Canadians prefer the two-word spelling of per cent , although the single-word spelling is also common. British dictionaries list per cent first, American dictionaries percent . Per cent is followed by either a single or a plural verb form, depending on the related noun: 'Fifteen per cent of the total is added to the bill for service' or 'Only twenty per cent of the students are going to pass the test'. The per cent symbol (%) is used only with figures: '8%'.

The examples suggest that Fee & McAlpine would support one or the other of the options "ten per cent" or "10%," depending on context; and they explicitly reject use of the mixed form "ten %." However, the mixed form "10 per cent" goes unmentioned.

From The Associated Press Stylebook (2007):

percent One word. It take a singular verb when standing alone or when a singular word follows an of construction: The teacher said 60 percent as a failing grade. He said 50 percent of the membership was there. It takes a plural verb when a plural word follows an of construction: He said 50 percent of the members were there. Use figures: 1 percent , 2.5 percent (use decimals, not fractions), 10 percent .

AP evidently opposes use of the percentage symbol under any circumstances and allows only the form "10 percent."

From Bryan Garner, Garner's Modern American Usage , second edition (2003):

percent; per-cent; per cent; percent.; per centum. This sequence illustrates in reverse the evolution of this word, originally a phrase. Today it is best spelled as a single word. The plural of percent is percent ; adding an -s, though not uncommon, is substandard. In most writing, 75% is easier to read than 75 percent or (worse yet) seventy-five percent . Prefer the percentage sign when you can. Many styles, however, insist on spelling out percent . ... ...Writers must be careful with percentages and percentage points. For example, if the unemployment rate rises from 4% to 6%, both of these statements are true: Unemployment is up two percentage points , and Unemployment is up 50% .

Garner's is the only reference work I consulted that strongly recommends expressing percentages in the form "10%," regardless of the type of text one is dealing with.

The Oxford Guide to Style (2002) takes three swings at the subject:

3.2 Usage Abbreviations in running text Prefer nineteenth century to 19th cent., and 25 per cent (two words, no point) to 25% in text; rules for notes and tabular or parenthetical matter differ. ... 7.8 Statistical texts ... The symbol %, rather than the spelt-out per cent, is permissible in text as well as in peripheral matter such as tables, notes, parenthetical material, and captions. ... 13.9.1 Use of scientific style [in the social sciences] Since social science as a discipline resides somewhere between the arts and the 'hard' sciences, a decision must be made for each typescript whether a scientific style should be followed in presenting the text and references. The higher the level of statistical material—as evidenced in economics, econometrics, demography, geography, and the like—the more appropriate scientific style becomes. In text this usually manifests itself in such matters as spelling out numbers up to ten only (rather than up to on hundred), and using % rather than per cent .

Oxford's scattershot coverage—and lack of relevant examples—might lead one to suppose that it countenances "ten %" in scientific texts; but I suspect that the juxtaposition of "spelling out numbers up to ten only" and "using % rather than 'per cent'" is an unfortunate accident, not a recommendation to use "ten %" in social science texts. The only example relevant I could find in this style guide involves parenthetical use of "74%" and "26%" in statistical texts—which doesn't address the specific case of "ten per cent" (Oxford does say that "Figures in scientific and technical work are usually spelt out up to nine," which would be a vote for "10%," but that doesn't help its users figure out how to handle, for example, "nine per cent").

From Allan Siegal & William Connolly, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage , revised edition (1999):

percent, percentage. Percent is one word. The preceding number is always expressed in figures (except where it begins a sentence): 80 percent ; 8 percent ; one-half of 1 percent ; four-fifths of 1 percent ; 0.5 percent . But: five percentage points ; 12 percentage points . The symbol % may be used with a figure in headlines, tables and charts: 5% Raise ; 93% . Do not use the abbreviation pct .

As this guideline indicates, the New York Times follows the usual U.S. style guide preference for "10 percent" in running text and "10%" in special matter (such as tables and headlines).

From Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Style Manual , second edition (1998):

3.10.4 Percentages and Amounts of Money Treat percentages and amounts of money like other numbers: use numerals with the appropriate symbols. [Relevant examples;] 1%[;] 45%[;] 100%

In discussions involving infrequent use of numbers you may spell out a percentage or an amount of money if you can do so in three words or fewer (five dollars, forty-five percent, two thousand dollars, sixty-eight cents). Do no combine spelled forms of numbers with symbols.

MLA thus explicitly rejects spelled-out numbers and the percentage symbol (such as "ten %").

From Words into Type , third edition (1974):

Percentage. In literary works percentage numbers are spelled out: "fifty percent." In technical and scientific writing, numerals always precede the word percent , with the single exception that isolated references one percent may be spelled out. In statistical material and where other numerals appear frequently with abbreviations in scientific copy, the percent sign (%) may be used in text matter. Always use the sign (%) in tables, and never use a fraction before the word percent or the percent sign. 10 percent[;] 2.25 percent, not 2¼ percent[;] 12.3 percent[;] 0.5 percent, not ½ of 1 percent

Words into Type is considerably older than the other style guides I've cited here. It endorses the spelled-out form "ten percent" in what it calls "literary works," but insists on "10 percent" in technical and scientific copy and on "10%" in tables.

As the preceding excerpts indicate, style guides are all over the map in their preferred formatting for percentages. Depending on where you live, what your subject matter is, and which style guide you follow, you may find that the recommended form is "ten per cent," "ten percent," "10 percent," or "10%." I could not, however, find any style guide that explicitly endorsed the form "ten %."

1 You say that in Margery Fee & Janice McAlpine (2007) "the mixed forms '10 per cent' and 'ten %' go unmentioned." But don't they rule out "ten %" ("[t]he per cent symbol (%) is used only with figures: '8%' ")? – Jacinto Commented Aug 2, 2019 at 6:51
1 @Jacinto: Yes, you're right—I should have ended that remark by saying "the mixed form '10 per cent' goes unmentioned." My apologies to Fee & McAllpine for misstating their conclusion about "ten %." I will rewrite my assessment of their guidance shortly. Thanks, Jacinto, for pointing out the mistake. – Sven Yargs Commented Aug 2, 2019 at 8:28

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Although usage varies, most people spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words and use figures for numbers that are three or more words long. Note: If you are using a specific citation style, such as MLA or APA , consult the style manual for specific formatting instructions.

Here are some examples of specific situations:

Days and Years

Time of Day

Identification Numbers

Page and Division of Books and Plays

Decimals and Percentages

Large Round Numbers

Notes on Usage

Repeat numbers in commercial writing.

Use numerals in legal writing.

Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent.

Write out numbers beginning sentences.

Use a combination of figures and words for numbers when such a combination will keep your writing clear.

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« IELTS Writing Task 2: problem/solution essay | Main | IELTS Speaking: a preparation technique »

January 31, 2013

Ielts writing task 1: describing percentages.

Here are 3 useful techniques for describing percentages:

English speakers usually put the percentage at the start of the sentence.
Use while , whereas or compared to (after a comma) to add a comparison .
Use " the figure for " to add another comparison in the next sentence.

Use these examples as models for your own sentences:

In 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, while only 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure for the USA stood at 31%.

Around 40% of women in the UK had an undergraduate qualification in 1999, compared to 37% of men. The figures for the year 2000 rose slightly to 42% and 38% respectively.

Hi, Simon, Thanks a lot. I have benefited a lot from your daily lessons.

Posted by: lisa | January 31, 2013 at 10:01

Dear Simon, I am stuck in IELTS.I did a lot of practice too.Here,in UK,this was my Fourth attempt. Every time the result is variable.I need 7 in each module but this time I achieved 6.5 in Listening,Reading and Writing and 7.5 in Speaking module with overall 7 score. Will you please give me an advice to improve my score? I have been struggling a lot to improve my score from last one year.I read a number of newspapers daily and listen to radio too.The only thing that I did not practice ever is my speaking.But every time I got 7.5 in this module.Kindly help me as I think that I am near to my goal.Thanks.

Posted by: Rashida Perveen | January 31, 2013 at 10:26

Some of my friends suggested me to change the centre.As I appeared first time in Belfast and three times in York.Does it matter?If I change the centre,will score be improved?

Posted by: Rashida Perveen | January 31, 2013 at 10:32

HI Rashida,

With Listening,Try to use time between all section to read questions.If you dont read question fully and dont undestand them,then you can miss answers.You have plenty of time before section start-1. first 10 questions you can read in 5 seconds.after that you have about 30 seconds and more.usually I read ques 21-40(atleast 10 question) before proper conversation starts after reading 1-10 questions. With Reading you just have to collect some reading papers and practice them. For Writing get a teacher to check your answer.

Posted by: helper | January 31, 2013 at 12:25

i will face IELTS Examiners right on 2nd Feb, plz Pray for me to get v.good score thanx

Posted by: Naveed Ahmed Alizai | January 31, 2013 at 13:27

Dear Simon, Thank you very much for your hints and assistance in writing! Just let u know I just achieved L8 R7.5 W7.5 S7.5 on 19/01/2013 in Australia! I am really happy now after 9 trials of torturing IELTS tests! Cheers!

Posted by: Steven | January 31, 2013 at 16:15

Congratulation !

Posted by: Long | January 31, 2013 at 16:56

Hi Rashida Perveen

It seems that IELTS is becoming a growing concern for many who tend to either emigrate or do further study in an English country. What is worse is the achievement in IELTS comes randomly, as the level of difficulty of IELTS exam is not identical.Then I guess it's highly recommended to take more exams to find your lucks

Posted by: IELTS taker | January 31, 2013 at 17:47

Are there difference between ''figure for'' and ''figures for''.

The figure for the USA...

The figures for the year...

Posted by: zozzo | January 31, 2013 at 17:58

Hi Rashida Perveen I tend to believe that you should be try to take-note in listening while you listen.

Posted by: ventf | January 31, 2013 at 17:59

Hey Simon, Are both grammar forms correct? 2)The amount of electricity produced rose sharply during the period shown, at about 1000 units in 2000 3) The amount of electricity produced rose sharply during the period shown, from 500 to 1000 units in 2000 Instead of rise, may I use the verb increase? Do I have to change the prepositions? I would appreciate if you or anyone else could answer me.my test is fixed the day after tomorrow.You’ve helped me a real lot anyway, Thanks!

Posted by: katerina | January 31, 2013 at 20:17

Hi Katerina,

I think rise and increase are synonyms and the prepositions for those words do not depend on the choice of those words but on which changes you are talking about (by vs. to).

In my opinion, you should use "to" instead of "at" in the first example (2)..If you look through old lessons on this site, I am pretty sure Simon has mentioned the difference in the use of prepositions after increase, decrease, rise, fall etc.

Posted by: Li | February 01, 2013 at 01:43

Thank you very much for your hints and assistance in writing! This would surely help a lot of IELTS examinees during their exam proper. TheIELTSSolution.com

Posted by: TheIELTSSolution.com | February 01, 2013 at 04:44

Hello Simon, Thank you I've got your ebook and it is really amazing, still working in memorizing ideas for task two, I have a question regarding listening test what is the best approach for multichoice question in section three when we have 9 answers and 5 questions I find it really difficult!!!!

Posted by: Safwan | February 01, 2013 at 05:37

hello, Simon, I am confused by the use of prepositions such as in, on, to in describing the map. could you teach us to use them?

Posted by: Derekk | February 05, 2013 at 15:45

I was reading a report online and saw this sentence: Magazine spending fell significantly in both Europe and North America, but magazines and newspapers both saw growth in other markets.

Now I am confused ,can we say magazines saw growth or have to say figure for magazines saw growth?I got 6.5 in writing last time and now I feel I really need to pay more attention to details.

Thanks very much for this amazing website.

Posted by: Ana | February 07, 2013 at 03:45

Also I read this in another report:

Only 3% of health budgets was allocated to prevention and public health programmes .

So, is it budget or budgets?

Thanks again.

Posted by: Ana | February 07, 2013 at 04:18

Hello Simon,

i have done my ielts test for 3 times all the time i got 7 in L,S,W but in reading my scores are constant on 5.5. I have done lot of practise. Can u give me any suggestion to improve my score in reading

Posted by: preet | June 30, 2013 at 11:46

Hello simon,

I am confused about the wrting task 1, It said write a letter to the manager about the problem with the sports event you visit. And what I gave as example is the live nba game.. is it consodered as sports event?? Will I get zero score? I really wanna know.. I will really appreciate your response. Thank you

Posted by: Gracie Anne Pascual | September 21, 2013 at 20:30

Helllo Simon, i am struggling to score in in L and R section, i had three attempts all d three times i scored twice 6 in L and 5 in R, here and there i am getting 5 either in listening or reading. I am having hard time to score, i have taken separate tuitions Bt no use, pls suggest me, i could nt b able to apply for viza untill,i score 6 in each module...

Posted by: imran | December 06, 2013 at 15:37

1hdrhh dbbdd dhxhdh

Posted by: ddddxd | April 11, 2014 at 20:25

My listening true number is 18, reading is 20-24, writing is bad and speaking is likely writing, what should you advice for me to improve my ielts result??

Posted by: Zaur Lahici | February 26, 2015 at 19:01

Thank Simon very much for your helping. hope you have lots of health! I see every sentence you wirte is simple and concise, so it is easy for me copying them. thank you so much!

Posted by: Phamthoa | July 04, 2015 at 09:52

1) percentage 2) while/compared to 3) the figure for

Posted by: Ling Zi | August 03, 2015 at 09:04

The comments to this entry are closed.

IELTS writing task 1: Paraphrasing statistics

Paraphrasing percentages and statistics in ielts academic writing task 1..

Updated: April 2024

One thing that can be challenging in IELTS writing task 1 academic is how to report on all the data in a chart or graph. Something that can help your vocabulary band score is using specific language, such as the language of approximation, proportion and fractions to paraphrase percentages.

It takes much practice to use these in a task 1 report but if you can use them accurately it goes a long way to getting to Band 7. You don’t need to know about maths either so don’t worry this is not a maths lesson.

There are 2 methods to use here, paraphrasing percentages and using the language of approximation. Make sure you have practiced these well in your writing to avoid confusing the reader.

Paraphrasing percentages:

Four-fifths – 80%
Three quarters – 75%
Seven out of ten – 70%
Just over half – 53%
Two fifths – 40%
Just over a third – 35%
Just under a third – 30%
One quarter -25%
a fifth – 20%
Less than a fifth – 15%
One in ten – 10% (this is used for people or objects)
From two fifths to less than a fifth – From 40% to 15% (for trends graphs)
Halved (verb) – dropped by half

Example sentences:

Around fourth fifths of university students stated that the library was the best place for their research.
Coal accounted for one-quarter of fossil fuels used as an energy source.
One in ten people reported that they went to fast-food restaurants at least once a month.
According to the graph, car production in France halved between 1999 and 2004.
Just under a third of visitors stated that they were happy with the renovations in the museum.
Exports of semiconductors dropped from two fifths to less than a fifth in three years.

Approximation and proportion

I also advise using set phrases to show approximation and proportion , remember that these are approximate and not exact, such as:

Just over a fifth – around 22%
Just under a fifth – around 18%
Slightly less than a quarter – 23%
More than two fifths – around 42%
Approximately half – 48%
Around a fifth – 19%
A large number of – around 70%
A large proportion of – around 70%
A significant proportion of – around 80%
A small minority of – around 5 to 10%
A small number/amount of – 5 to 10%
An insignificant amount of – around 2%

Example sentences (taken from various task 1 reports):

Approximately half of all vehicles produced in Japan were exported.
A large proportion of the population of Italy is under 65 years old.
This figure increased but then dropped to slightly less than a quarter in 2011.
The graph shows an insignificant amount of software was downloaded in the last part of 2002.
It can be seen from the table that around a fifth of all passengers used buses in the period between 2012 and 2016.
The pie chart shows that a large number of tourists visited Kyoto in the first part of 2015

Try this exercise below using the statistics in brackets to help you. Then check your answers. More than one answer is possible。

1. According to the chart, _______________ of imports came from China in 2014. (75%) 2. Tourists accounted for _______________ of total visitors to the Tate gallery in 2016 (80%) 3. Production of TVs ____________ in the period between 2012 and 2014. (dropped by 50%) 4. Mobile calls showed a gradual rise to _______________ from 2000 to 2001. (23%) 5. _____________ the population in Japan is expected to be over 60 years old in 2029. (around 70%)

1. According to the chart, three-quarters of imports came from China in 2014. (75%) 2. Tourists accounted for four-fifths of total visitors to the Tate gallery in 2016. (80%) 3. Production of TVs halved in the period between 2012 and 2014. (dropped by 50%) 4. Mobile calls showed a gradual rise to slightly less than a quarter from 2000 to 2001. (23%) 5. A large proportion of the population in Japan is expected to be over 60 years old in 2029. (around 70%)

Below are 2 pie charts with percentages, Paraphrase the sentences using fractions or the language of proportion.

Can you paraphrase these sentences based on the percentages in the chart?

1. 40% of people stated that comfort was a factor in driving to work. 2. The proportion of people stating that they cycled to work to reduce pollution stood at 30% . 3. 11% of people said that driving to work was safer than cycling. 4. 15% of people stated that they cycled to work because they did not have to worry about parking. 5. 14% of those polled stated that the main factor for driving to work was to transport items.

1. Two-fifths of the people polled stated that comfort was a factor in driving to work. 2. The proportion of people stating that they cycled to work to reduce pollution stood at just under a third . 3. Slightly more than one in ten people said that driving to work was safer than cycling. 4. Less than a fifth of people stated that they cycled to work because they did not have to worry about parking. 5. Just under a fifth (14%) of those polled stated that the main factor for driving to work was to transport items.

Key point: you can state the percentage in brackets to make it clearer and more accurate such as: Two-fifths (40%) of the people polled stated that comfort was a factor in driving to work.

Leave a comment below if you have any questions.

6 thoughts on “IELTS writing task 1: Paraphrasing statistics”

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Assignment length requirements are usually given in terms of numbers of words.

Unless the lecturer tells you that these limits are strict, it is normally acceptable to be 10% above or below this word limit (so, for example, a 2000 word assignment should be between 1800 and 2200 words). If the assignment uses the words “up to” (as in “up to 2500 words”) that usually means that you cannot go above the limit.

Use the tool below to calculate the acceptable range for an assignment (based on +/- 10%).


	from to words

Unless the lecturer tells you otherwise, the word limit does not include ‘administrative’ sections of the assignment: the cover or title page, table of contents, table of figures, reference list, list of works cited, bibliography, or any appendices.

The word limit that you are given reflects the level of detail required . This means that if your assignment is too long, you're either taking too many words to explain your point or giving too many / too detailed examples. If your assignment is too short, either there is more to the answer than you have written or the assignment has not gone into enough detail about the answer.

Don't try to remove single words from your assignment. It is unlikely to reduce the assignment's length significantly, but it may confuse your argument . Instead, aim to remove or condense whole sections of your assignment.
You should not include something just because it is a fact, or just because it is included in your course materials. Include something only if it is relevant to your argument.
Be direct. State your point rather than writing many paragraphs to ‘lead up’ to it.
Go back to the question . Which sections relate to the point and which are secondary?
Go back to the plan . Which paragraphs fit in the overall structure? Which paragraphs overlap and can be combined?
Remove sections where you
Over-explain your point
Over-specify your point
Repeat yourself
Write off-topic or ramble
Remove multiple examples where one or two are sufficient.
Remove hedging language that adds little to the argument (e.g., it would seem that, it is possible that).

If you are often over the word count you should look at your writing style. See writing concisely for more.

Explain your argument fully

Make sure every argument in your head and in your plan is on the page.
Would a general (i.e., non-specialist) reader understand your point? Have someone else read over your assignment and ask you questions about it. What do they think is missing?
Are there gaps in your argument?
Does each point logically follow the last one, or do you jump over important points?

Look for the ‘hidden’ answer

What theories do you think the marker expects?
How does this relate to the materials from lectures and study guides? Use the course information in your answer to the assignment question.
Are there complications or contradictions in the argument or in your research? Explain them and explore them.

Flesh it out

Define any special terminology you've used that a general reader would not be familiar with.
Illustrate with more examples and/or quotations.
Contextualise and explain the quotations you use. How do they relate to your argument?

Page authorised by Director - Centre for Learner Success Last updated on 12 December, 2018

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and many other important factors. Your given text is mapped into our internal network, and then it is compared against different databases and the entire internet. We have designed our algorithm to especially ignore statistically common phrases to provide a better and more valuable search for potential plagiarism in the text. Once the plagiarism test completes, the results will appear below along with the match percentage that our best plagiarism tool has found.

The article you have entered is carefully scanned, and so is the entire internet. If complete plagiarized sentences are found, the plagiarism detector will identify the original source of that content and show to you. All you have to do is copy and paste the content in the text box and then click on “Check Plagiarism” button.

It is as simple as it sounds. (How to check plagiarism)

This plagiarism checker free online for teachers, students, and writers will run your text through its database of millions of sites to show you the best plagiarism free report with the detailed results. Alternatively, you can either enter the URL of the website for which you want to conduct a plagiarism check or you can upload the files. Whether it is an article, essay or blog, a thorough sentence check will be conducted for your text in order to give you the most reliable and accurate results.

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Understanding the results.

Beside the text box, you are shown the percentage for Checked, Unique, and Plagiarized.

Phrases or sentences shown in the results below are the ones that our plagiarism detector has identified as plagiarized and already exist online, along with the matched percentage. These are the links and by clicking on the “Match Text” you will be redirected to the original source where you can see yourself the plagiarized text. When the plagiarism test is finished, you’ll also be given an exact percentage of uniqueness and plagiarism of your text. However, if your content is completely unique then you will get a congratulations message:

Plagiarism Checker API

The plagiarism checker API allows everyone to add plagiarism detection functionality to their software or applications. Our flexible system allows you to customize your settings to fit your needs. It can grow with your business or personal needs. Most importantly, our reliable services give you peace of mind knowing your data is safe and protected.

Identify Copied Material with Anti Plagiarism Software

Plagiarism can appear in different forms, but the end outcome is always the same: the plagiarist stole something from another person. Plagiarism refers to using some other person’s ideas and information without acknowledging that specific person as the source. Similar to all other forms of theft, plagiarism also has many disadvantages associated with it.

It can take place in both intentional, when you try to pass someone’s content as your own, or unintentional when you forget to mention the source for your work correctly. In spite of the kind, piracy always has consequences when it is discovered. Mostly, the punishment of accidental copying is temporary. Because ascertaining unintentional plagiarism requires knowledge of intent, the overall prestige of the plagiarist becomes the deciding factor.

Plagiarism can occur in any shape either textual or pictorial. So we not only scan the document for the copyrights but also check the duplication for images. You can also perform Reverse Image Search to look for the best matching photos. By using advance image recognition algorithms, it will bring out the matching results from all over the internet and search engines.

Before jumping to direct consequences, here’s a brief detail of how can you make sure your work is not matching with any source. Loads of information, millions of text documents, is attainable on the internet now. So, if you think you can check manually, then you are wrong. No matter, how many articles you read or how many hours you spend, you can never be sure. Hence, the alternative best way you can take help from is a free plagiarism detector. There are many such tools readily available on the internet, providing best services to users. Majority of them, search your material against billions of contents and underlines each sentence which resembles with another posted article.

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How to use percentages in IELTS academic task 1

Task 1 writing practice.

In IELTS academic task 1 you will have to describe numbers. This lesson will help you to describe those numbers using percentages in various ways that showcase your English language skills.

It is important that you know how to do this as many students who have not practised the skill repeat the numbers in the graph rather than interpreting it.

Remember this is an English language exam and the aim is to examine the extent of your vocabulary and your ability to use it adequately.

What is wrong with the answer

Below you’ll find a chart and a description of the information on it. Can you see what’s wrong with the description?

This chart shows that 25% of household income is spent on food and 22% on education. 13% is spent on clothes and 12% is spent on transport. 8% is spent on a mixture of household and personal items and 5% on power. That leaves households with just 15% to save.

I hope that you can see what is wrong with this description. It is not very exciting. It demonstrates very little of your English skill. The words “spent” and “%” run right through the paragraph and simply tell what can be seen from looking at the graph anyway.

Improving your descriptive skills

Below you’ll find four ways in which you can vary your description. To make comfortable use of them in the IELTS exam , you’ll have to practice these skills on a regular basis so that you become very familiar with them.

1. Compare sections of the pie chart

Householders spend 25% of their household income on food. This is more than five times what they spend on power and just over twice the amount spent on transport, which comes in at 12%.

There are many ways to make comparisons, so this gives you a great deal of flexibility.

Here are some comparative words that you can use

2. Use fractions in place of %

It is not necessary to use percentages in the description of the graph. Fractions work just as well. So, you could say that a quarter of household income is spent on food. This is a great way to show the breadth of your vocabulary.

3. Find other words to describe the graph

So, you could say, for example, that while a quarter of the household income is spent on food each month, at 22%, only slightly less is spent on education. The smallest proportion of the household income pays for power with $5 of every $100 spent on power.

The following words should help you to become more adventurous in your descriptions of the graph.

Number/ amount
One in five, one in ten

4. Try grouping things together and think about how you order the words

So, you could say that almost 60% of household incomes are spent on food, clothing, and education. While households spend almost as much on transport as they do on clothing. When all household expenses are paid most households can save just $15 out of every $100.

Practice makes perfect, so look at the pie chart below and try to apply the knowledge that we have mentioned above to describe how people commute to work in New York.

Audio tutorial

You can download or listen to the audio version here:

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More help for IELTS exam

If you need more help preparing for your IELTS writing task , have a look at the following resources:

IELTS Writing Task 1 Vocabulary List With Examples
How to get Band 9 in academic writing task 1- 2020
Easy steps to writing a great academic task 1
How to answer map questions
Academic task 1 marking criteria
Checklist for academic task 1
How to describe a pie chart
How to describe a bar graph
Sample task 1 academic essays
IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Question – Pie chart showing usage

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How long is an essay? Guidelines for different types of essay

How Long is an Essay? Guidelines for Different Types of Essay

Published on January 28, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The length of an academic essay varies depending on your level and subject of study, departmental guidelines, and specific course requirements. In general, an essay is a shorter piece of writing than a research paper or thesis .

In most cases, your assignment will include clear guidelines on the number of words or pages you are expected to write. Often this will be a range rather than an exact number (for example, 2500–3000 words, or 10–12 pages). If you’re not sure, always check with your instructor.

In this article you’ll find some general guidelines for the length of different types of essay. But keep in mind that quality is more important than quantity – focus on making a strong argument or analysis, not on hitting a specific word count.

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Essay length guidelines, how long is each part of an essay, using length as a guide to topic and complexity, can i go under the suggested length, can i go over the suggested length, other interesting articles.

Type of essay	Average word count range	Essay content
High school essay	300–1000 words	In high school you are often asked to write a 5-paragraph essay, composed of an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
College admission essay	200–650 words	College applications require a short personal essay to express your interests and motivations. This generally has a strict word limit.
Undergraduate college essay	1500–5000 words	The length and content of essay assignments in college varies depending on the institution, department, course level, and syllabus.
Graduate school admission essay	500–1000 words	Graduate school applications usually require a longer and/or detailing your academic achievements and motivations.
Graduate school essay	2500–6000 words	Graduate-level assignments vary by institution and discipline, but are likely to include longer essays or research papers.

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In an academic essay, the main body should always take up the most space. This is where you make your arguments, give your evidence, and develop your ideas.

The introduction should be proportional to the essay’s length. In an essay under 3000 words, the introduction is usually just one paragraph. In longer and more complex essays, you might need to lay out the background and introduce your argument over two or three paragraphs.

The conclusion of an essay is often a single paragraph, even in longer essays. It doesn’t have to summarize every step of your essay, but should tie together your main points in a concise, convincing way.

The suggested word count doesn’t only tell you how long your essay should be – it also helps you work out how much information and complexity you can fit into the given space. This should guide the development of your thesis statement , which identifies the main topic of your essay and sets the boundaries of your overall argument.

A short essay will need a focused, specific topic and a clear, straightforward line of argument. A longer essay should still be focused, but it might call for a broader approach to the topic or a more complex, ambitious argument.

As you make an outline of your essay , make sure you have a clear idea of how much evidence, detail and argumentation will be needed to support your thesis. If you find that you don’t have enough ideas to fill out the word count, or that you need more space to make a convincing case, then consider revising your thesis to be more general or more specific.

The length of the essay also influences how much time you will need to spend on editing and proofreading .

You should always aim to meet the minimum length given in your assignment. If you are struggling to reach the word count:

Add more evidence and examples to each paragraph to clarify or strengthen your points.
Make sure you have fully explained or analyzed each example, and try to develop your points in more detail.
Address a different aspect of your topic in a new paragraph. This might involve revising your thesis statement to make a more ambitious argument.
Don’t use filler. Adding unnecessary words or complicated sentences will make your essay weaker and your argument less clear.
Don’t fixate on an exact number. Your marker probably won’t care about 50 or 100 words – it’s more important that your argument is convincing and adequately developed for an essay of the suggested length.

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In some cases, you are allowed to exceed the upper word limit by 10% – so for an assignment of 2500–3000 words, you could write an absolute maximum of 3300 words. However, the rules depend on your course and institution, so always check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

Only exceed the word count if it’s really necessary to complete your argument. Longer essays take longer to grade, so avoid annoying your marker with extra work! If you are struggling to edit down:

Check that every paragraph is relevant to your argument, and cut out irrelevant or out-of-place information.
Make sure each paragraph focuses on one point and doesn’t meander.
Cut out filler words and make sure each sentence is clear, concise, and related to the paragraph’s point.
Don’t cut anything that is necessary to the logic of your argument. If you remove a paragraph, make sure to revise your transitions and fit all your points together.
Don’t sacrifice the introduction or conclusion . These paragraphs are crucial to an effective essay –make sure you leave enough space to thoroughly introduce your topic and decisively wrap up your argument.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Ad hominem fallacy
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Appeal to authority fallacy
False cause fallacy
Sunk cost fallacy

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Essay on Art

Good Example Of Essay On Use Of Percentages In Mathematics

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Art , Communication , Thinking , Perception , Interpretation , Reduction , Percentage , Salesman

Published: 03/03/2020

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- Salesman interpretation. The salesman is not right that the price of the printers is reduced by 50%. The salesman is not using percentages correctly because he does not consider that the second reduction was 20% of the reduced price. Percentages are a fraction of the price. The price changes after the first reduction. Therefore, the second reduction should be done at the already reduced price. The salesman makes a mistake by adding up the percentage (20 + 30) making him conclude that the percentage reduction is 50 %. The calculations would result in a total reduction of 50% of the original price. However, the reduction is 30% for the original price and 20% of the reduced price. Using manual calculation, if the original price was 2,000 then, the price after the first reduction is (0.7x 2000 = 1400). The price after the second reduction of 20% will be (.8 x 1400= 1120) .Using the salesman’s thought where he concluded that the price reduction after the two price reductions then the price will be (0.5 x 2,000 = 1000). The difference between the two answers is 120. The difference indicates that one of the methods is wrong. There is a huge difference between the final prices of the two methods. Therefore, it is clear that the salesman made a mistake in the conclusion. The salesman uses percentages wrongly by directly adding up the percentages which are related to different prices, which is the original price and the price after the first reduction. The salesman fails to notice that the second percentage reduction was done after the first reduction, and; therefore, the two reductions cannot be both based on the original printer’s price. - If the salesperson made a mistake in their use of percentage, what mistake did they make? Identify the mistake. Reflect on the salesperson’s thought process, i.e. explain how they got the number 50%. The salesman made a mistake in the percentages for adding up the percentages of the first price reduction and the percentage of the second reduction. The addition led him to acquire a total percentage reduction of (20 + 30) %= 50%. The salesman thought was that since the percentage reductions were for the same original printer price. The salesman however fails because he fails to identify the fact that the percentages reductions were based on different prices. The second reduction was 20% of the reduced price after the first reduction.

The actual percent reduction from the original price is:

First reduction in price equals to 30% or 0.3 decreases. Equally this can be shown as the client pays 70% of the original price, therefore, the customer gets a reduction of 30%. The second reduction in the price is 20 % of 70% or (0.2 x 0.7) = 1.4. This means that after the second reduction the price in percentages becomes (70-14) % = 56%. The total percentage reduction is 30 + 14) = 44%. The total price reduction in terms of percentages equals (30 + 14) % = 44%. The salesman fails in the analysis of the data provided. He fails to apply thinking correctly since the statement is very clear that the second reduction in price is 20% of the reduced price. The percentage reduction calculation implies that the direct addition of the percentages is a wrong interpretation. Therefore, the correct method is to take the percentage of the resulting percentage after the first reduction. From the example above with an initial printer price using the percentage formula, the price will be (0.44 X 2000 = 1120). The result concurs with the manual process of price calculation.

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COMMENTS

Writing Tips: Percent, Per Cent and Percentages
When a percentage is written as a word, it should be followed by "percent". When a percentage is written as a numeral, it should be followed by the "%" sign. However, this can vary depending on the context (e.g., measurements in scientific writing are almost always written as numerals, even for numbers under ten).
How Do You Write Percentages?
According to CMOS, in most nontechnical writing we would spell percent and express the amount in numerals (30 percent). In technical writing such as scientific and statistical content, the symbol (%) may be more common (30%). Note there is no space between the numeral and the symbol. The Associated Press Stylebook currently advises using the ...
When to Use the Percent Sign in a Sentence (The Ultimate Guide)
For technical content, Chicago style suggests using numerals with the percent sign. But, use the word percent if the number appears at the start of the sentence with a spelled-out number. 2. Of the 500 cats in the study, 17% refused to play with the research toys. Ninety-five percent of the native trees and 75% of the feed crops survived the ...
One hundred percent? Or 100%? Tips for writing numbers
I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to ...
3 Rules for Using Percentages
Percent change is the ratio of two values (the difference between the new value and the old value, divided by the old value). Using the above example, (9-6)/6 = .50. So you could correctly say either of the following: Interest rates increased by 50 percent. Interest rates increased by 3 percentage points.
How to Write Percentages in a Formal Paper
Writing a Percentage. Under the MLA style guide, write numbers out and add the word "percent" behind the number. For scientific papers, you can use the percent symbol, but check the guide you're using to ensure this is correct. The reason these guides require percent spelled out instead of using the symbol is to ensure no mistake is made.
Numbers and Statistics
Numbers. Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42). You should use Arabic numerals (1, 7) instead of Roman numerals (II, XI) unless the Roman numerals are part of established terminology in your field. In numbers greater than 1,000, use commas to separate groups ...
writing style
Today it is best spelled as a single word. The plural of percent is percent; adding an -s, though not uncommon, is substandard. In most writing, 75% is easier to read than 75 percent or (worse yet) seventy-five percent. Prefer the percentage sign when you can. Many styles, however, insist on spelling out percent.
APA Style Guidelines for Numbers
Revised on July 23, 2023. Numbers can be written either as words (e.g., one hundred) or numerals (e.g., 100). In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards.
Writing Numbers
Use numerals in legal writing. The cost of damage is $1,365.42. Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent. two apples, six oranges, and three bananas. NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas. 115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'. scores of 25-6 (or) scores of 25 to 6. The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed.
IELTS Writing Task 1: describing percentages
Here are 3 useful techniques for describing percentages: English speakers usually put the percentage at the start of the sentence. Use while, whereas or compared to (after a comma) to add a comparison. Use "the figure for" to add another comparison in the next sentence. Use these examples as models for your own sentences: In 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, while ...
IELTS writing task 1: Paraphrasing statistics
One thing that can be challenging in IELTS writing task 1 academic is how to report on all the data in a chart or graph. Something that can help your vocabulary band score is using specific language, such as the language of approximation, proportion and fractions to paraphrase percentages. It takes much practice to use these in a task 1 report ...
Word limits and assignment length
Assignment length requirements are usually given in terms of numbers of words. Unless the lecturer tells you that these limits are strict, it is normally acceptable to be 10% above or below this word limit (so, for example, a 2000 word assignment should be between 1800 and 2200 words). If the assignment uses the words "up to" (as in "up ...
PDF Strategies for Essay Writing
Harvard College Writing Center 1 Strategies for Essay Writing Table of Contents Tips for Reading an Assignment Prompt .2-4 Asking Analytical Questions .
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How to use percentages in IELTS academic task 1
This chart shows that 25% of household income is spent on food and 22% on education. 13% is spent on clothes and 12% is spent on transport. 8% is spent on a mixture of household and personal items and 5% on power. That leaves households with just 15% to save. I hope that you can see what is wrong with this description.
What is an acceptable percentage of plagiarism?
What is an acceptable percentage of plagiarism? Your work should not contain any plagiarism. Even if your score is 1%, you will need to review each similarity and decide whether it's necessary to revise your work. But contrary to popular belief, plagiarism checkers work by detecting similarities, not plagiarism.
How Long is an Essay? Guidelines for Different Types of Essay
Essay length guidelines. Type of essay. Average word count range. Essay content. High school essay. 300-1000 words. In high school you are often asked to write a 5-paragraph essay, composed of an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. College admission essay. 200-650 words.
Good Example Of Essay On Use Of Percentages In Mathematics
Therefore, the correct method is to take the percentage of the resulting percentage after the first reduction. From the example above with an initial printer price using the percentage formula, the price will be (0.44 X 2000 = 1120). The result concurs with the manual process of price calculation.
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Percentage
A pie chart showing the percentage by web browser visiting Wikimedia sites (April 2009 to 2012). In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number ...