trinity college law essay competition

Cambridge Essay Competitions

Essay competitions are brilliant for a number of reasons!

You can use them to:

The essay competitions usually become open for submissions after the winter holidays. Be sure to check any eligibility criteria, requirements and deadlines. This page will be updated when new competitions are announced, and when deadlines are passed, so check back regularly! All essay competitions and events at Cambridge (both online and in-person) can be found here 🔗 🌟.

Magdalene College Arts and Humanities Essay Competition 2024 🔗 🌟 Any student in their penultimate year at a state school can enter this competition, which will open in early 2024. Last year, there were 12 questions covering a variety of topics within the arms and humanities - you can read the winning entries here 🔗. To register your interest in this competition for 2024, fill in this form 🔗.

Fitzwilliam College Essay Competitions: various subjects 🔗 🌟 Fitzwilliam College runs a variety of competitions in Ancient World and Classics, Archaeology, History, Land Economy, Medieval World, Architecture, and Economics (this last one is for state-school UK students only). All competitions are open to Year 12 students and are designed to encourage students to pursue their interests in subjects they might not be able to study in depth at school. Last year, the deadline for all competition entries was the 1st of March, so make sure to check back in early 2024 for updates.

Newnham College Woolf Essay Prize 🔗 🌟 The Woolf Essay Competition is focussed on women in literature, history, society and culture. There are also competitions for other subjects - more information these will be coming soon. Webinars to help support your entry can be found here 🔗 . The deadline for the Woolf Prize last year was the 14th of July.

Girton College Humanities Writing Competition 🔗 An opportunity for students interested in pursuing any humanities subject to write creatively! Year 12 students may enter with an essay or piece of creative writing using an object from Girton College’s small antiquities museum, the Lawrence Room, as their prompt.

Robinson College Essay Prize: various subjects 🔗 Year 12 students may submit an essay of up to 2,000 words in response to one of the set questions, which cover a wide variety of academic subjects. The prize did not run in 2023, but may in 2024.

Trinity College Essay Prizes 🔗 These competitions give entrants the opportunity to write an essay of up to 2,000 words in response to the set question/(s). Last year there were competitions for English Literature, Launguages, Linguistics, Philosophy, Politics, Law, and History.

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ROBERT WALKER PRIZE FOR ESSAYS IN LAW AT TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE

Amar , March 14, 2024

Trinity College Cambridge is holding their annual competition for essays in Law. The Robert Walker Prize is named after an Honorary Fellow of the College, Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe, a retired Justice of the Supreme Court and former law student at Trinity.

Open to students in their final or penultimate year at school, this Essay Prize aims to encourage students with an interest in Law to explore that interest by researching, considering and developing an argument about a legal topic of importance to modern society as well as to encourage those interested in Law to apply for a university course in Law.

The topic for the 2024 competition is as follows: ‘What legal issues might arise from prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to anyone born after 2008?’ The deadline for applications is 8th April, 2024.

To find out more about the competition and how to apply please follow the link below:

Best of luck to those applying!

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A Comprehensive Guide to the Cambridge College Essay Competitions

Cambridge college essay competitions, thinking of applying to oxbridge but need new ways to get ahead of the game with your application what plenty of students aren’t aware of is the fact that many of the cambridge colleges hold essay prizes for students in year 12 focusing on various subjects, allowing prospective applicants to get a taste of what uni-level essay writing might be like, as well as giving you something great to put on your cv. below is a comprehensive list of the essay competitions help by the various cambridge colleges, listed by subject. if any of them take your fancy, be sure to head over to the college website to get more details about how to enter and when the deadlines are we’ve also included past and present questions to give you a bit of an idea about what each competition is likely to entail., multi-disciplinary/humanities robinson college essay prize the robinson college essay prize is open to all students in year 12 (lower sixth, or equivalent) at a uk school during the 2020-21 academic year. it is designed to give students the opportunity to develop and showcase their independent study and writing skills. entrants are invited to submit a response to any one of the questions given, which should be no longer than 2,000 words (including footnotes and captions). the questions may be discussed with reference to any academic discipline or area of interest. up to three entries may be submitted per school, so please discuss your application with your school prior to entry. 2021 questions: 1. "a person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury." (js mill). do you agree 2. 'creativity should be the highest goal of education.' discuss. 3. "in policy making, there is no such thing as 'the data', and therefore no such thing as 'acting on the data'." do you agree 4. "the translated text must add up to the original... [translation] is like a problem in math—using different numbers, the answer must be the same, different numbers must add up to the same answer." (lydia davis). discuss. 5. watch this video featuring the poet kamau braithwaite and discuss the significance of 'archives of freedom'. girton college humanities writing competition this annual competition is an opportunity for year 12 students to research and write beyond the curriculum, using one or more of the lawrence room museum objects, as their focus. essays or creative responses (such as dramatic monologues or short stories) are equally welcome. the judges are looking for the ability to connect different areas of knowledge, to think about details and to communicate clearly. archaeology fitzwilliam college archaeology essay competition this essay competition is for students in year 21 or equivalent; limit of 2500 words. 2022 questions: 1. what can responses to climate in the past teach us today 2. in what ways does the study of archaeology remain political 3. how is construction and building in the past symptomatic of imminent social collapse architecture fitzwilliam college architecture design competition 2022 brief: you are challenged to design a new building somewhere on the fitzwilliam college site. this building will serve as a hub for interaction between teaching staff and students, where they can share and explore ideas. during the design process, you will need to think about what programmes or activities need to be accommodated in the new building. for instance, you can consider including spaces for social interaction such as a new cafe, as well as spaces to have quieter conversations in groups of different sizes. you must also consider possible locations for the new building within the college site, taking into consideration the other college buildings in your design, as well as the landscaped areas preserving mature trees as much as possible. this should be seen as an opportunity to create an interesting relationship between the interior and exterior spaces. you are required to submit: - project title that best describes your design intention and final design solution - design narrative of 500 words that concisely explains your design inspiration, design objective, and final design strategy developed to meet your design objective - drawings that show the following: 1) floor plan(s) of your building at 1:200 scale 2) one elevation and one section of the building that best describes main features of the design solution 3) one site plan that indicates the location of the building in relation to existing buildings in the college site. a detailed site plan showing the ground floor plans of the individual buildings is available on the essay competition website for reference, but you should produce a new drawing for the competition submission. 4) one perspective drawing of your building that highlights your design intention and shows the placement of a new building in relation to existing college buildings nearby. classics fitzwilliam college ancient world and classics essay competition this essay competition is for students in year 21 or equivalent; limit of 2500 words. 2022 questions: 1. do ancient audiences / readers / listeners matter to our interpretations of ancient texts discuss with reference to any text or texts of your choice. 2. why do we need new translations of ancient texts discuss with reference to any text or texts of your choice. 3. “the ancient world was more concerned with controlling nature than conserving it.” discuss with reference to any area or period of your choice. 4. when does childhood end in the ancient world discuss with reference to any area or period of your choice. 5. why does aristotle say that people are ‘political animals’ was he right 6. how important was trade with the near east and / or egypt in any period of your choice english trinity college gould prize for essays in english literature trinity college launched the gould prize for essays in english literature in 2013. this is an annual competition for year 12 or lower 6th students. the prize has been established from a bequest made by dr dennis gould in 2004 for the furtherance of education in english literature. candidates are invited each year to submit an essay of between 1,500 and 2,500 words on a topic to be chosen from the list of questions. newnham college the woolf essay prize n 1928, virginia woolf addressed the newnham arts society on the subject of ‘women and fiction’, and from this talk emerged her seminal text, a room of one’s own. a room of one’s own raises a number of questions surrounding the place of women in society and culture, and the competition allows students to contemplate these themes and ideas while developing the independent research and writing skills essential to university-level study. 2021-22 questions: 1. ‘only the fellows and scholars are allowed here; the gravel is the place for me.’ how have female writers been inspired by limitations placed on their educational experiences you may discuss historical or modern-day examples. 2. ‘a woman might write letters while she was sitting by her father’s sick-bed. she might write them by the fire whilst the men talked without disturbing them’. how might letters add to our understanding of female writers and their work you may discuss the letters of any female author, poet or playwright. 3. ‘anonymity runs in their blood. […] they are not even now as concerned about the health of their fame as men are, and speaking generally, will pass a tombstone or a signpost without feeling an irresistible desire to cut their names into it’. should the women of the past be commemorated in a different manner to their male counterparts explain. queen’s college the estelle prize for english queens' college invites submissions for the english prize 2021, which will be awarded to the best essay submitted by a year 12 (lower sixth form) student. essays must be less that 2500 words., fitzwilliam college history essay competition this essay competition is for students in year 21 or equivalent; limit of 2500 words. 2022 brief: fitzwilliam college traces its origins to 1869, when the university of cambridge launched an initiative to facilitate access to higher education for the many students who could not afford the costs of college membership. the initiative was part of the broader transformation of education in britain, as the changes wrought by industrialisation and urbanisation created a need to cater for a growing, increasingly diverse and literate population. earlier decades had already witnessed the establishment of king’s college london, durham university, and the university of london, for instance, and colleges for women were beginning to open in cambridge and oxford. these radical social and economic changes were themselves connected to the intensification of globalisation in the second half of the nineteenth century, which placed britain at the heart of an ever-tighter web of economic relations between the world’s continents. but the same year also witnessed the birth of mohandas – later mahatma – gandhi, who would come to challenge britain’s colonial rule and lead india on the path to independence; the death of alphonse de lamartine, the poet and politician who had proudly proclaimed france’s second republic in 1848, but whose final years were lived under the more authoritarian second empire; the marriage of emperor meiji, which consolidated japan’s monarchy as the country began a new process of industrialisation; and the establishment by susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton of the national woman suffrage association in a united states still recovering from the civil war. in 1869, as throughout history, old and new worlds collided. we invite applicants to examine, in their essays, a topic of their choice, connected to the changes taking place in or around the year 1869. essays may focus on a particular event, a person, a political movement, or even a process of social, economic or cultural change, but they should consider the interaction of ‘old’ and ‘new’ forces which the chosen topic illuminates. fitzwilliam college rosemary horrox medieval world essay competition this essay competition is for students in year 21 or equivalent; limit of 2500 words. 2022 questions: 1. how can the study of dead languages help us understand medieval cultures 2. what qualities made heroes heroic and villains villainous in medieval literature 3. how far do medieval texts give us any cause for optimism in their presentation of gender 4. did the european middle ages witness the “invention of race” 5. were war and/or rebellion the defining features of medieval society 6. “medieval europe cannot be studied in isolation from the rest of the world”. do you agree trinity college robson history prize the robson history prize is an annual competition for year 12 or lower 6th students. the prize was established in 2007 in memory of the historian robert robson, who was for many years a fellow and tutor at trinity. the aims of the robson prize are twofold: firstly, to encourage ambitious and talented year 12 or lower sixth students considering applying to university to read history or a related discipline; and secondly, to recognize the achievements both of high-calibre students and of those who teach them. 2022 questions: the robson history prize for 2022 had 94 questions in the categories of british history, european history, world history, and historiography, so head to the website for the full list. newnham college history essay prize the newnham history essay prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at uk state school. essays should be between 1500 and 2500 words. 2021-22 questions: 1. ‘historians shouldn’t be political pundits’. discuss 2. can the history of clothing tell us about anything other than changes in fashion 3. is historical change driven by great individuals, land economy fitzwilliam college land economy essay competition this essay competition is for students in year 21 or equivalent; limit of 2500 words. 2022 questions: 1. do you believe that environmentalist civil society organisations, such as extinction rebellion and greenpeace, can be effective at pushing governments to adopt environmental policies aimed at addressing the climate and ecological crises 2. ‘territorial inequality between different parts of the uk is extremely high. this undermines the principle of equality of opportunities, because individuals’ life chances crucially depend on where one happens to be born and raised.’ discuss, possibly drawing on examples from your own area of residence. 3. some argue that the covid-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted the fate of inner cities and, in the future, expensive, commuter-driven urban cores will decline in favour of less compact/dense areas such as towns and the countryside. do you agree, law trinity college robert walker prize for essays in law the prize is named after an honorary fellow of the college, lord walker of gestingthorpe, a retired justice of the supreme court and former law student at trinity. essays can be of any length up to 2,000 words (including footnotes). 2022 question: ‘what responsibilities in connection with the environment and sustainability, if any, should the law assign to owners and to occupiers of land’, linguistics trinity college linguistics essay prize this annual essay competition aims to raise awareness of the systematic study of language as an interesting and multifaceted subject in and of itself. the competition is open to all students with an interest in how language works regardless of the specific subjects they are currently studying at a-level (or similar qualification). for example, it may be of interest to students taking a-levels in modern languages, english language or classics, but also to students taking psychology or mathematics. 2022 topic: ‘people who speak two or more languages or dialects sometimes switch between them within the same conversation, and even within the same sentence. what reasons make people switch languages (or dialects) why is this interesting for linguists should linguists prescribe if switching is good or bad’, philosophy trinity college philosophy essay prize the philosophy essay prize is open to year 12 or lower 6th students. the aim of the prize is to encourage able sixth formers to pursue their interest in philosophy, with the hope that they will be encouraged to read this or related subjects at university. 2022 questions: - which philosophical insight that you have come across in your life so far has been the most important one for you - what is the difference between knowledge and understanding - is truth a human invention newnham college philosophy essay prize the newnham philosophy essay prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a uk state school. it is designed to give students the opportunity to think and write about philosophy and philosophical matters in the broadest sense, while developing their independent study and writing skills. through exposure to the type of work they might be expected to do at cambridge, newnham hope to encourage philosophy applicants to the university – and hopefully to newnham, where women’s history and educational excellence are, of course, central. 2021-22 question: ‘sentences such as “a good oak tree has deep roots” can be true, and true irrespective of anybody’s opinion. in other words, such sentences can be objectively true. now, the word “good” doesn’t change its meaning just because it’s being applied to members of one species rather than another. so, sentences such as “a good human being is kind” can be objectively true as well.’ should we be convinced by this kind of argument for the objectivity of ethical judgements, politics trinity college r.a. butler politics prize the objectives of the r.a. butler prize are twofold. firstly, it aims to encourage students with an interest in modern politics and world affairs to think about undertaking university studies in politics, international studies or a related discipline; it is not limited to those already studying these subjects or indeed other social sciences. secondly, its intention is to recognise the achievements both of high-calibre students and of those who teach them. essays can be up to 3,000 words, including all footnotes and references but excluding the bibliography. 2022 questions: - whom do elected representatives, in practice, represent - are the police institutionally discriminatory -  is it ever legitimate for one country to invade another - should countries be punished for the actions of their leaders - do international regional organisations offer the best prospects for cooperation between states in the contemporary world - are international organisations biased towards the interests of wealthy countries - what should the uk be doing to help refugees - should every family own its own home - what statues should come down, and which (if any) should stay up - what policies should the uk government be implementing to ensure it meets its commitments made at the un climate change conferences, maths newnham college philippa fawcett mathematics essay prize the philippa fawcett mathematics prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a uk state school. the prize may be of particular interest to those studying mathematics, statistics or further mathematics but we welcome entries from interested students studying any combination of subjects. entrants are invited to submit a response to any one of the questions below. submissions should comply with the following: • 4-6 a4 sides maximum including all figures, diagrams, tables and bibliography • 12 point font minimum • 2 cm margins minimum • 2500 words max. 2021-22 questions: 1. how does mathematics protect your privacy online 2. what are the most fascinating aspects behind the mathematics of music discuss how mathematics is related to the theory of musical structures and/or instruments. 3. mathematics and climate change: what role do you think mathematics can play in guiding policy makers and in helping public understanding, medicine newnham college medicine prize the newnham college medicine prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a maintained sector uk school. the prize may be of particular interest to those studying biology and chemistry, but we welcome entries from interested students studying any combination of subjects. entrants are invited to submit a response to any one of the questions below. submissions should comply with the following: • 6 a4 sides maximum including all figures, diagrams, tables and bibliography • 12 point font minimum • 2 cm margins minimum • 1500-2500 words total (including footnotes and figure captions, but excluding bibliography) 2021-22 questions: 1. how realistic is it to develop a small molecule therapy for covid-19 could such a therapy be rolled out in a timeframe that it could have an impact on the current pandemic 2. sleep deprivation in clinical health settings. does it matter 3. looking to the future. will stem cell therapies be outpaced by machine-brain interfaces for the treatment of retinal disease, music newnham college music essay prize the newnham music essay prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a maintained sector uk school. it is designed to give students the opportunity to think and write about music in its broadest context, while developing their independent study and writing skills. 2021-22 questions: 1) how have improvements in transport and communications infrastructure affected the history of music – and in what ways might they do so in future 2) evaluate the challenges and opportunities presented to musical culture in a time of global pandemic. 3) in some ways music can be thought of as the ultimate interdisciplinary subject, but it is also highly specialised in other respects. examine this paradox in the context of the debate about music’s role in primary and secondary education., sciences newnham college engineering essay prize the newnham engineering prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a uk state school. the prize may be of particular interest to those studying physics, mathematics, further mathematics, chemistry, biology, design and technology or economics, but they welcome entries from interested students studying any combination of subjects. 2021-22 questions: 1. what can engineers do to mitigate climate change - atmospheric levels of co2 are increasing and the world is waking up to the problem of climate change brought about by human-generated greenhouse gas emissions. as engineers, we have the skills and expertise to make a difference, providing technological solutions to reduce global carbon emissions. all engineering disciplines have a role to play and some areas are suggested below. (a) electric power generation and consumption. what are ‘renewable sources’ of electric power generation how do they work and what are their strengths and limitations are there any new sources being researched and developed that might provide solutions for the future could the uk generate all its electricity from renewable sources - how can we reduce our demand for electric power so that we don’t need to generate so much - there may be opportunities in both domestic and commercial/industrial consumption, e.g. energy efficient homes, energy-efficient manufacturing, low power consumer electronics. (b) transport. modern lifestyles involve a lot of transport, of people as well as goods. how energy-efficient are different modes of transport, and what is the potential for reducing their carbon footprint (c) construction. this sector is one of the biggest emitters of carbon globally. the carbon emissions arise from many sources, especially the huge amount of concrete used in construction projects but also including the energy to power machines. do we have any alternatives for materials or technology strategies to reduce these emissions (d) other engineering areas. technological solutions can be found in all engineering disciplines. you are encouraged to choose for the topic of your essay an example that interests you. 2. data and information engineering data and information engineering is being used everywhere around us. our life increasingly relies on data analysis, from the recent developments in the automotive sector to social media, from machine assisted surgery to law forensics. the data deluge provided by recent technological advances has made automation in data analysis necessary to identify hidden patterns of information within the considered datasets. it is also true that a fully automated world could bring new risks and dangers that did not exist even just a few years ago (e.g., the ethical dilemmas of self driving cars). write an essay on the major aspects of social awareness in ai development, and how this could impact: a) the health sector. b) government, democracy and policing. c) sustainable development. d) another major topic of your interest. you are encouraged to think about the engineering considerations related to some of these topics as well as the ethical considerations. what makes an algorithm particularly helpful or harmful newnham college biological sciences essay prize the newnham college biological sciences prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a uk state school. the prize may be of particular interest to those studying biology, chemistry, physics, or mathematics, but we welcome entries from interested students studying any combination of subjects. entrants are invited to submit a response to any one of the titles overleaf. submissions should comply with the following: - 5 a4 sides maximum including all figures, diagrams, tables and bibliography - 12 point font minimum - 2 cm margins minimum - 2500 words max. 2021-22 questions: 1. is biology in a reproducibility crisis 2. assess the contribution of artificial intelligence (ai) to recent scientific advances. 3. past and present: how has infection shaped the human genome newnham college computer science essay prize the computer science essay prize is open to all female students currently in year 12 (lower sixth) at a maintained sector uk school. the prize may be of particular interest to those studying computer science, mathematics, physics, or chemistry, but we welcome entries from interested students studying any combination of subjects. entrants are invited to submit a response to any one of the questions overleaf. submissions should comply with the following: - 4-6 a4 sides maximum including all figures, diagrams, tables and bibliography - 12 point font minimum - 2 cm margins minimum - 2500 words maximum 2021-22 questions: 1. is there a fundamental difference between self-driving cars and a "slaughter army" of killer drones 2. mobile phone apps are generally written by commercial entities for private gain. if you had the same resources to design one mobile phone app that would make the world better, what would it be and how would it work, get in touch.

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Matheson EU Law Partnership with Trinity - Assistant Professor Announced

Posted on: 16 September 2024

Dr Sarah Arduin will focus on advancing research in the field and strengthening Trinity Law School’s teaching and research profile in commercial EU law, in areas such as financial services, intellectual property law, competition law, and information technology law.

In 2023, Matheson and Trinity College Dublin announced the launch of The Trinity Matheson EU Law Partnership, a new collaboration that will support Trinity Law School in the teaching and research of EU law.   

As part of the next stage of our partnership, Dr Sarah Arduin has been appointed as the new Assistant Professor in EU Law. In her role as Assistant Professor, Dr Arduin will focus on advancing research in the field and strengthening Trinity Law School’s teaching and research profile in commercial EU law, in areas such as financial services, intellectual property law, competition law, and information technology law.   

Sarah (above second from left, with Niall Collllins on far left and Matheson's Nicola White and Trinity's David Kenny) holds a French law degree from the University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas and is a graduate of the LLM and PhD programmes at Trinity College Dublin. Her current research focuses on EU risk regulation and she has published in the European Journal of Risk Regulation, Modern Law Review, Law & Policy, and Oxford Review of Education, amongst others.  

Dr Sarah Arduin said : “I am thrilled to take on this new position and join the School’s vibrant community of EU Law scholars, already leading the field. I am grateful to Matheson for their generous support. I look forward to our future collaborations and working with brilliant colleagues in further developing the teaching and research in EU law.” 

Niall Collins, Partner and Head of the Competition and Regulation Group at Matheson , said: “We are delighted to announce the appointment of Dr Sarah Arduin as the new Assistant Professor as part of our Trinity Matheson EU Law Partnership. As legislation across the EU continues to evolve at a rapid pace and, indeed, to keep pace with new and emerging technologies, it is more important that ever to develop key expertise, focussed research and knowledge in this area.”   

Head of School at Trinity Law School, David Kenny , said: " We are so pleased to grow our faculty with the addition of Dr Arduin, whose superb teaching skills and scholarship will be a wonderful addition to the School’s strong expertise in EU law. We are so grateful to Matheson for their generosity in enabling this appointment, and we look forward to many future collaborations to develop and enrich our understanding of this crucially important area of law." 

In addition the partnership will include a PhD scholarship in EU law being awarded and the launch of a new Trinity Matheson EU seminar series. 

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Quinn (Lower Sixth) Highly Commended in a Cambridge University Essay Competition

Well done to Quinn (Lower Sixth) for being Highly Commended in a Cambridge University Essay Competition. Run annually by Trinity College, The Robert Walker Law Essay Competition, is named after the Rt Hon. The Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe GBS PC (1938–2023), a former Trinity College law student and Honorary Fellow from 2006, judicial member of the House of Lords from 2002 and Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from its creation in 2009 until his retirement in 2013.

The essay title was "What legal issues might arise from prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to anyone born after 2008?". Feedback from the judges for Quinn’s submission stated “The range of issues discussed is strong, and the use of a range of legal sources is excellent. Use of secondary literature was not only appropriate, but critically discussed and explained, which was very rare among submissions.” Quinn was placed in the top 10% of the 244 entries received from across the UK and was accordingly invited to a Prize Giving ceremony and afternoon tea at Trinity College in June.

We are delighted to hear this news, and are proud of Quinn’s outstanding achievement.

Trinity College Law Essay Competition (Robert Walker)

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Alumnus Earns Coveted Spot at the Olympics

Just like superstar gymnast Simone Biles, Trinity alumnus Robert Herbst ’80 is marking his third trip to the Olympics this year. But you will not see Herbst on the floor at the 2024 Paris games. His work is all behind the scenes.

Herbst earned a place among a cadre of 7,000 foreign volunteers whose work ensures the smooth functioning of the games. This year, he is supervising drug testing for gymnastics and basketball, but has also taken on additional roles and crossed paths with a number of household names.

The experience diverges from his career as an attorney. Herbst has served as the general counsel of several public companies and has worked as a substitute teacher at a K-12 private school in recent years.

What role do you play at the Paris Olympics and how did you get the position?

I was also asked to help organize the historic Opening Ceremony, where some 10,000 athletes, coaches, and delegates paraded in boats down the Seine. My team was given the job of ensuring that the various delegations boarded the boats safely and that the boats shoved off on time. Due to my experience as a sailor and ability to speak American English, I was assigned Team USA, which was the largest delegation. I am happy to report that no one fell overboard.

Were you the one checking credentials to get on the boat?

Yes, and I carded [renowned basketball player] LeBron James. I said to him, ‘I know you are the flag bearer, but I still need to see your card.  Them’s the rules.’ And he dutifully took out his credentials.

How does the testing process work and do all athletes participate?

Testing can be out of competition such as at the Olympic Village or during training. It can also take place during the competition. If it is a medal event, as opposed to a heat or preliminary, we test the medalists, as well as the fourth and fifth place finishers in case a medalist fails a test.

What are your days like during the Olympics?

The days can be long and hectic. I have been assigned numerous overnight shifts which go until 2:00 a.m. for prime time competitions that end late. Between those shifts, the time difference with New York, and the jet lag, my body does not know where it is and I am totally disconnected, like an astronaut.

The days start slowly with organizing and planning. They gain speed as we start to select the athletes to be tested, although we may not know the medalists until the end. Then we go full out as we notify the athletes and lead them through any medal ceremony, press conference, interviews, and the testing.

My favorite part is trying to ease the athletes through the process. They know that testing is necessary to ensure a level playing field, but it is a chore for those who are clean. We get the athletes at their rawest, literally as they exit the field of play. You can have ecstatic silver or bronze medalists or ones who are bitterly disappointed. I always treat the fourth place people with great patience, understanding, and gentleness. It helps that I look like an athlete, albeit older, because they figure I have been there myself.

As an athlete yourself, did you ever aspire to compete in the games?

I was in the discussion for the U.S. weightlifting team in 1980, my senior year at Trinity. The Olympics were in Moscow and Jimmy Carter decided the U.S. would boycott it because the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. I wrote an essay about the boycott and the College awarded me the Mears Prize in Physical Education and I went to law school [at Columbia Law School].

Any parting thoughts?

It is fantastic to watch people who are the best in the world at something, whether it is archery, badminton, or swimming. The fan should remember that sports is hard, that is why every sport scores for failure, which is something I tell the kids I coach.  Pitchers have an ERA and goalies have a goals against average. Sports are hard and you are not going to be perfect, but you have to strive forward and keep going. When one is up close to the best in the world and see the effort, yet they still make a mistake, one has to be forgiving.

From Sydney to Trinity: ‘winning the prize has definitely transformed my life’

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When Sydney high school student Lauren Park entered Trinity’s Robert Walker Essay Prize Competition in 2017, she had no expectations. Little did she know that taking part would transform her university plans, and lead to her studying thousands of miles away from home. Lauren said:

I knew I wanted to study Law at University and I did not have many opportunities at school to explore the subject in depth. In Australia, there were no subjects offered in relation to Law so when I wrote my essay I did not imagine that it would place at all. I wrote the essay not only to fuel my curiosity but also to develop my academic research and critical writing skills.

134 other students submitted essays in Lauren’s year but she beat the competition to win the 2017 prize in the International Division and, after visiting Cambridge, decided to apply to Trinity.

‘Trinity was the only UK institution I applied to and if I had not gotten in I would have been studying Law in Australia. Winning the prize has definitely transformed my life: I am studying on the other side of the world and starting my career in another country – I have a training contract at a UK law firm,’ said Lauren.

All in all, it has really helped me to go beyond my comfort zone and experience more of what the world has to offer.

This year’s Robert Walker Essay Prize invites entries on the question: ‘Should legal disputes be determined by artificial, rather than human, means?’

The deadline is Monday 13 April 2020.

This prize was created in 2013 and named after former Trinity law student Robert Walker, who became Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe, an Honorary Fellow of the College and a Justice of the Supreme Court.

Lord Walker, now retired, is an enthusiastic supporter of Law at Trinity, engaging with students and helping connect the practice of the profession with its academic study. He selects the winning entries in the UK and International Divisions of the essay prize competition.

Dr Benjamin Spagnolo, Trinity Fellow in Law, said:

The Robert Walker Essay Prize is a terrific opportunity for students to explore an interest in law by developing and expressing their views on a topical legal theme. It is a great pleasure to read each year’s entries and to involve enthusiastic students from around the world in this competition. In addition to welcoming the top performers to Trinity for the annual prize-giving, we often have the pleasure of meeting entrants in person at interview; the Competition attracts impressively bright and engaged students, many of whom later apply to read Law in Cambridge and receive offers from Trinity or other colleges.

Apart from Law, Trinity College offers essay prizes for Year 12 (lower sixth) students in English, Linguistics, Philosophy, Politics and History. Trinity College Essay Prizes has details of each competition including the deadline.

Director of Admissions at Trinity, Dr Glen Rangwala, who has been organising the Politics essay competition since 2011, said the prizes offered a great opportunity to have fun writing, go beyond the A-level syllabus, and discover if a university course is for you.

Choosing which degree course to apply to is a major decision for students in their sixth form. It’s especially daunting if you are thinking of applying to a subject that you haven’t studied in detail before. The essay prize competition gives you a great chance to try out a piece of university-style work in that subject. If you found writing the essay was an engaging process – if you kept wanting to read and think some more about the subject matter – then maybe that degree course is for you?

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Alternative Perspectives Winner 2024 – Medieval Defamation: A World of Social Cohesion or Social Discord?

Defending speech: a call for irish defamation reform, article 41.2 and the problem with formal equality, the case-note guide: the fundamental skills for writing a case-note, article 40.3° and compulsory acquisition orders, housing for all – within planetary boundaries, secondary school essay competition winner 2022/23, litigation crowdfunding and access to environmental justice, special education provision and article 42a; unexpected obligations.

Project Canterbury

Letters to Her Companions , by Emily Malbone Morgan.

Edited by Vida Dutton Scudder, with a biographical sketch by Emily Sophie Brown.

Privately printed, 1944.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF EMILY MALBONE MORGAN By EMILY SOPHIE BROWN I EARLY DAYS I AWOKE to a lovely morning!" So runs the opening sentence on many pages in the diary of twelve-year-old Emily Malbone Morgan, who in 1875 was touring through Italy with Father, Mother, and Billy. The spelling in the following quotations from this diary is Emily's own. The "lovely morning" was not only one of blue skies, of "Buffalows driven by peasants," of mountain-climbing and of galleries. It signified an attitude of mind in the observer. Colors were always more vivid when Emily Morgan was there to enjoy them. Uninteresting people were vitalized. Difficult situations became humorous and universally human. On another page we find this passage: "We entered and stood in the center of the Coliseum. In the center where so many martyrs had laid down their life for the Crucified." No more words on that day, and the page is blotted. January 10, 1874, she wrote of a visit to a "monastury" in Cava (near Salerno). The priest then took us into the old Monastury there were old tombs. He then lighted a lamp and took us down celler pretty rich celler rich with Frescoes and skulls of the many saints that had died there. One of the rooms was actually piled with skulls and other bones, the presents of which will haunt me long afterwards. Then we went through a narrow passage to ware the children's bones were in one great heap in a tomb. I am thankful that I am not one of those children. He then showed us the tombs ware the monks were laid after they were dead, until they was nothing left but bones, then they were taken up, clansed and piled on top of each other. A pleasant prospect for the monks of the monastury now. After that I had escaped from that celler of skules, being frited by Mama's declaring that she wanted to take one of the bones with her. I enjoyed the fresh air emmensely. Emily Malbone Morgan was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on December 10, 1862, in a typically Victorian house at 108 Farmington Avenue, formerly the home of the parents of J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr. She was the daughter of Henry Kirke Morgan, a Hartford merchant for whom Morgan Street in Hartford is named. Her mother was Emily Malbone Brinley. On both sides of her family, her ancestors were New Englanders who came from the British Isles in the seventeenth century. If a professor of eugenics were planning a marriage, he might not have united Emily's father and mother. Henry Kirke Morgan came of a family to whom practical and material considerations were of paramount value. To the forebears of Emily Malbone Brinley, Emily's mother, matters of literary and cultural value seemed all-important. Henry Kirke Morgan was virile, quick-tempered, and brusque. Emily Malbone Brinley was devout, was regular in church attendance and spiritual practices, and had a gracious otherworldliness about her daily living. Yet these parents came from the same social stratum--"good families"--and were both vigorous and full of interest in the affairs of the world. Out of the differences in their natures came the depth of character and the variations of talent found in their children. It is probable that because of the friction between their natures, each sharpened the contrasting traits in the other. Perhaps because Mrs. Morgan was fond of church services and her prayers, Mr. Morgan took special delight in using strong language. Not too secretly, Mrs. Morgan, like Clarence Day's mother depicted in Life with Father , hoped to change the nature of her husband, while he daily became more explosive in his manner of speech and more human in his manner of living. Mrs. Morgan's sentences were Johnsonian in length j her inflection covered a long range of tones, with accent and diction like that of a Britisher; Mr. Morgan spoke in brief, pungent phrases, spicy, pertinent, and direct. Mrs. Morgan's conversation flowed with the persuasive undercurrents of a brook in the spring} Mr. Morgan talked like an intermittent geyser. Henry Kirke Morgan was a keen businessman recognized both because of his heritage and through personal standing in the community as a man of integrity and acumen. Mrs. Morgan's mother, Catharine Putnam, was the granddaughter of Israel Putnam and the daughter of Major Israel Putnam's son and aide, Colonel Daniel Putnam. Catharine Putnam married George Brinley of Boston in the living-room of Putnam Elms in Brooklyn, Connecticut, a home started by Nathaniel Brinley, a relative of George Brinley, in 1782 and completed by Colonel Daniel Putnam in 1784. In that same living-room, now used as a dining-room in Putnam Elms, is a picture of the magnificent Datchet House, built in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by Mrs. Morgan's ancestor, Colonel Francis Brinley. Emily was the fifth and youngest child in her family and the only daughter. Her oldest brother, the Rev. Dr. George Brinley Morgan, D.D., was born on January 9, 1848. He became a prominent clergyman in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Cheshire Academy prepared him for Trinity College, from which he was graduated in 18705 and it was this college which later conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He prepared for the priesthood at Nashotah, Wisconsin. On his graduation from the seminary he was called to Goffstown, New Hampshire, which parish he served for several years. Then followed nine full years at Christ Church, Exeter, New Hampshire. He became rector of Christ Church, New Haven, in 1887. The fact that Dr. Brinley Morgan held only three rectorships in his life of sixty years testifies to his devotion to his parishioners and theirs to him. Outside of the east end of Christ Church, New Haven, which he built and of which he was rector for more than twenty years, stands a monument to his memory. Near this spot he was tragically killed by an automobile on November 15, 1908. His death left its scar upon the mind and heart of his sister, although her courage was not lessened but rather strengthened by any loss which came to her. William Denison Morgan, M.D., known always to Emily by the affectionate name of "Billy," was born on November 20, 1850. He was perhaps the closest to Emily of any of her brothers. This may have been because Emily and Billy outlived the other members of the family, or because Billy did not marry until his later years, so that he was unencumbered by family cares for many years and more at liberty to enjoy the comradeship of his sister. There was always a delightful striking of the sparks of kindred wit and friendly difference of opinion when this brother and sister met. Dr. William Denison Morgan was a dearly loved figure in Hartford, where he was an insurance health-examiner and the president of the Hartford Hospital Board of Directors for many years. In the entrance hall of the latter institution hangs an excellent portrait of Dr. Morgan, in whose face, despite the fact that he wears a white beard--a distinguishing feature in the twentieth century--one may trace a strong resemblance to his sister Emily. Tolerance, humor, and love of mankind radiated from his countenance. Henry Kirke Morgan, Jr., born July 9, 1854, was a Wall Street broker, with a home in New Jersey. Like Emily, he was an avid reader, a lover of art, and a delightful talker. In 1895 he married Mrs. Katharine Huntington Brooks, finding in his married life great richness and delight. Mrs. Arthur U. Crosby of Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, is their only living child. Harry Morgan, as he was familiarly known, had an excellent memory, and like his sister was a gifted teller of stories. One of his most charming tales was that of his meeting with John Ruskin in Venice when Harry was a boy. Ruskin, finding an American lad reading The Stones of Venice in St. Mark's Square, asked Harry Morgan how he liked the book. They exchanged opinions about favorite passages and Venetian experiences. After their brief conversation, Ruskin handed his card to Harry and asked him to call, a request which the boy proudly accepted. In retailing this encounter Harry Morgan would quote pages of The Stones of Venice in his rich voice, bringing into the room the glory that was Venice, the re-creating of beauty that was Ruskin's, and the charm of culture which was the heritage of the Morgan family. That Harry Morgan's reading did not follow the same lines as that of Emily is shown in one of the stories which Emily often related. Harry, visiting at Emily's home, Putnam Elms, during the rainy days of a late fall, had exhausted most of the books in the large library there. However, as he started for bed and searched for a recent detective story for a nightcap, his eyes lighted upon a new book, Brother John . "How about this new mystery story by Vida D. Scudder?" he inquired. "Is it any good?" Henry Kirke Morgan, Jr., died July 26, 1931. He is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Hartford, with his father, his mother, his brothers Dr. William Morgan, the Rev. Dr. George Brinley Morgan, and Edward. There also lies the body of Emily Malbone Morgan. Edward Brinley Morgan, Emily's youngest brother, was only five years older than Emily. Although he lived but seventeen years, he left a vivid memory of his personality. Something of his love for his sister, his humor, and his maturity of character may be seen in the following letter written to his brother Brinley Morgan on January 18, 1869, when Emily was six and he approaching twelve. Society has been very dull till lately several large parties and sociables have been given. You must have enjoyed yourself immensely in St. Louis from your description, but as you know the old custom of calling, New Years Day, has been little kept up in Hartford. We occasionally hear from Will who seems all right now and studying very hard. Harry is laying the foundations of his fortune in the Hartford Bank. Uncle Ned [Dr. Edward Brinley of Riverside, Connecticut] has spent much of the season with us and sups with us almost every Sunday night. Emily is progressing rapidly in all branches and keeps the piano keys in constant motion. I met her wandering down street yesterday. She was trying to change a dollar which she received Christmas into pennies to drop into beggars' hats. I took her to the Historical Rooms [Wadsworth Atheneum] and before going up, I told her to read the notice: "Boys under fourteen not admitted." She was disappointed at first 'til the happy thought struck her that she was not a boy and wished to admit Moscow [her St. Bernard dog] on the same plea. Your aff. bro. Edward B. Morgan

Emily's early education was given by her mother, through reading, home tutoring, and travel. She was eight when she took her first trip abroad with her father, mother, and brother Edward. While in Rome she contracted typhoid fever. Through a schoolmate of Emily's we hear of her strange appearance as at the age of nine, with hair clipped short because of her recent illness, she was led by two guardian brothers to the portals of West Middle School on Asylum Street in Hartford, two blocks from her home.

Her education was the best of the time. When Emily was in her teens, Wellesley, Vassar, and Smith were in their beginnings, and it is not surprising that pioneer forms of education did not appeal to conservative parents like Henry Kirke and Emily Malbone Brinley Morgan.

Emily had at her disposal the books of her Uncle George Brinley, who accumulated at his home on Asylum Street in Hartford one of the best libraries of his time. She frequently traveled with her parents and brothers, and was taught from childhood to think, to express herself clearly, and to enjoy beauty in music, art, and literature. Travel throughout her life was the foundation of learning and a means of obtaining greater culture and breadth of mind. She prepared for these trips by extensive reading. Her pleasure was heightened by her own frequent descriptions of what she had seen, in private conversation and in formal talks. While we have no complete record of her travels, we know that she was in England and in Italy in 1871 and in 1892. In 1911, she spent the spring in Bermuda while convalescing from a serious operation. In 1912, with Miss Mann she journeyed to Russia and to Egypt. In 1920, she went to Spain and North Africa with Miss Ellen Jarvis. She enjoyed a winter in California in 1925. In 1927, she attended a Near East Conference. She was in Jerusalem in Holy Week of 1931.

For some years she was a student at Miss Haines's school in Hartford, at which time she began to take delight and pride in writing. Her journals in this period refer to an inner group of friends with whom she shared her attempts to write poems, stories, and essays. In the journals themselves there is an obvious effort to improve her literary style.

These same journals depict her difficulty in understanding the formal religion of her time. Differences in points of view held by her father and her mother found an echo in her mind. She felt that she might become either a hypocrite or an atheist. In this mood she cried out for some resolution for the turmoil in her soul. Such aid she found in reading Walter Besant's All Sorts and Conditions of Men and in her own ability to aid those less fortunate than herself. Struggling within herself as to the direction in which her life might go, after a stay in Boston, where she had time to gain perspective on her own character and family life, she determined to return to Hartford and devote herself to her family. This determination she fulfilled most thoroughly, although her altruistic nature could not be content with the Victorian social life of that day, nor could she succumb to the life of ease and personal comfort to which her birth and heritage called her.

In 1882 she founded with a few others the Thursday Afternoon Club, a literary organization still in existence. Among the bylaws of this club we find wise provisions which bear the mark of Emily Morgan's experienced mind: "No photographs shall be circulated during a talk." "There shall be some general discussion at every meeting."

In 1883 we find her allied with an association known as the United Workers, through whom she found sympathy and interest in work for persons less fortunate than herself.

It was in 1883, also, that an important friendship was strengthened by the renewing of her acquaintanceship with Adelyn Howard of Winsted, Connecticut. Adelyn, a Hartford playmate with whom she had climbed apple trees and shared attic treasures, had fallen victim to a fatal hip disease. She was lonely and desolate in a new town away from relatives and friends. Learning through a common friend, Annie Goodman (now Mrs. John H. Plumb), that Adelyn needed friends, Emily drove from Hartford to Winsted to see Adelyn. The story of their friendship is one which will be told later. Suffice it to say here that because of this bond there was founded in 1884 the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross, in order that Adelyn, the shut-in, might be able to offer prayers and thanksgiving for the many people for whom Emily Morgan of Hartford and Harriet Hastings of Wellesley, Massachusetts, were working in a more active way.

II VISIONS AND REALITIES

"My greatest desire," Emily Morgan once wrote, "has always been to make tired people rested and happy." Generosity was one] of her outstanding traits, as we saw in the letter written in 18 by her brother Edward. Wherever she traveled, she purchased gifts for friends, relatives, and acquaintances, choosing articles specifically for certain people and so sharing her pleasure in travel with those at home. Her favorite form of giving, however, was! in hospitality. She welcomed people to her own house, she established summer homes, and she found special satisfaction in carrying forward the summer programs of the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross.

It is interesting to note that her summer homes, operated by hostesses and guests together, were started in 1889, when the plans for settlements were being formulated by Jane Addams in Chicago and by the College Settlements Association in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Vida D. Scudder, one of the earliest members of the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross, was instrumental in the founding of this Association.

From 1889 to her death in 1937, Emily Morgan made herself personally responsible for the upkeep and running of summer vacation homes for tired women, girls, and children. Her first venture, Heartsease, at Saybrook, Connecticut, was begun in 1889 and there she cared for various groups of people until 1914. Beulahland in Blandford, Massachusetts, was opened in 1894 and continued for twelve years. In 1906, she purchased the ancestral home, Putnam Elms, Brooklyn, Connecticut, near which in 1922 she erected a second house, Kingswood, for the entertainment of those needing rest and refreshment. This house was open each summer thereafter until her death.

When--in her late teens--Emily Morgan began to organize Girls' Clubs and to plan for summer vacation houses, she found little understanding of her purposes on the part of her immediate family. Although private means were available, the money used for her gifts and undertakings was not skimmed from the surplus of her income, but accumulated by going without luxuries and comforts, and by earning money through personal effort.

She trained herself from childhood to avoid luxurious living.

When she was twelve, she chose to sleep on the marble seat of an Italian hotel as a protest against too much thought about the softness of hotel mattresses. One of the Companions, Miss Nina E. Browne of Boston, writes of her: "Emily had everything in life, but when circumstances denied her what she was accustomed to, she never complained nor indicated that she recognized the situation. At Beulahland, I remember that on one occasion she gave up her bed for someone and slept in the .pantry with her head under the shelf. When she moved into Adelynrood, she chose one of the smallest and least desirable rooms." Money spent for her own clothes and food was expended thriftily.

Her favorite methods of earning her funds for philanthropy were the giving of art talks and the publication of books. The art talks were delivered before the clubs and in the schools of Hartford. They required careful preparation both in writing the material and in securing and selecting illustrative pictures. Emily Morgan gloried in beauty in all forms--literature, music, drama, and sculpture--but painting gave her the greatest pleasure. Trained from childhood to observe and appreciate the great paintings of every land, she increased her own enjoyment through study, sketching, and the giving of many lectures. She was eager that others should know the riches available in beauty. "Things which you appreciate belong to you," she said. She encouraged young artists by word of mouth and by purchase of their productions. An appraiser of her estate, a man who had never known her, exclaimed as he viewed the hundreds of paintings which covered the walls of Putnam Elms, "She must have helped every young artist she ever met!" In 1927, a chance acquaintance whom she met at a pension in Jerusalem greeted her warmly: "I have wanted for years to tell you, Miss Morgan, about an art student in Florence, Italy, who though in straitened circumstances had saved money for thirty years in order to see the paintings which Miss Morgan had described in such glowing words." "Who was it?" asked Emily. "She said you would not know her. She was one of the hundreds of children in the public schools. As we traveled through the galleries she recalled, after many years, the pictures, their location, and their place in the history of art."

The publication of little books was a delight about which Emily Morgan talked with spontaneous glee in her annual reports about her summer homes. From childhood she was interested in writing. Her diaries were kept up until she was more than twenty years old. In her sixteenth year she published travel stories in a Sunday-school paper, Helping Hand , which was printed in Brooklyn, New York. Her booklets include A Little White Shadow (1889), Prior Rahere's Rose (1893), Poppy Garden (1894), A Lady of Olden Time , Madonna of the Smoke , Flight of the Swallow , and Adelyn's Story . All of them were copyrighted.

Her enthusiasm about her vacation houses was infectious, and she readily enlisted support from various organizations that she had been instrumental in founding--the Thursday Afternoon Club, the United Workers, and the Monday Evening Club.

Her leadership was that of a consecrated ego. She worked primarily with other people, for others. She took others in as partners, was grateful for each contribution and suggestion. She marched and fought in the ranks. Yet she was always in command, because her vision was clearer and broader than that of the average person and she had a firm grasp of each situation as a whole.

Because of Emily Morgan's generosity, few people realized that she had a keen business mind, which might have been used for the successful accumulation of wealth had that mind been geared differently. Because her mind and soul were motivated by giving and sharing, her energies were directed toward earning solely that she might spend for others, enlist interest from others able to share, and plan expenditures carefully so that small amounts of money might be spent profitably. The co-operative running of Heartsease at Saybrook and Beulahland in Blandford was an outgrowth of Christian fellowship.

In directing her houses she kept careful accounts and expected housemothers to do the same. She used wise judgment in choice of house furnishings, which must always be colorful, suitable, and pleasing. Although details were always a burden to her mind, she had a definite picture of the many items that contribute to the success of making a home homelike. She could absorb a long list of needs readily, and decide their relative importance in quick time. The same courage which she displayed in meeting pain and sorrow she exhibited in carrying through the uncongenial task of considering small matters. Her imagination, her love of romance, and her devotion fired her energies. She could outline in an hour enough duties and activities to occupy a household for weeks. "I do want to say once and for all," she wrote, "that if I have had any measure of success in my work, it is I believe due to the fact that I, as a woman, possess the power in common with every other woman of creating a fireside for lonely hearts."

The logbooks kept by housemothers at Heartsease show the careful thought which preceded the opening of the houses. Applications for enrollment were made informally through church and secular organizations, clergymen, and club leaders. Exact planning was required for the spacing of vacations so that there might be enough rooms available on given dates and so that sufficient rest might be given those needing help. All of this entailed much correspondence on the part of Miss Morgan and her helpers. Here, as always, her sympathy was used in a practical way, meeting problems with clear-cut thinking.

Extracts from her first report on her vacation home at Saybrook, delivered in the fall of 1889 to the United Workers, show her combination of vision and sage wisdom.

During the summer, thirty-six girls were sent to the summer home in Saybrook, four or five at a time, some staying a week, ten days or a fortnight as their parents or employment allowed. . . .

If the summer home has done little else, we may congratulate ourselves that it has brought both workers in our Society and workers it is our pleasure to work for into a pleasant fellowship. . . .

We have discovered what an immense amount of happiness a comparatively small amount of money can give. The amount of money we started with was one hundred and seventy dollars, receipts from the sale of the first edition of the Little White Shadow , and about thirty dollars is still owing on that first edition. One hundred and nine dollars was paid for board and traveling expenses, twenty dollars for our share of the rent, which will be paid out of the next edition of the book. We shall have sixty-one dollars in the bank toward next summer. . . .

If we could organize a committee not necessarily limited to our society, to be known as the Summer House Committee, this group could ascertain how reasonably and cheaply each room, bedroom, dining-room, kitchen, etc. could be entirely furnished down to the minutest detail.

Miss Morgan's Heartsease notebook for 1892 records committee lists which include representatives of the Thursday Afternoon Club, the United Workers, and the Monday Evening Club, Saybrook men and women, and various guests.

I am not speaking in ignorance of the amount of pretty and useful effects that may be brought about with very little money. Some years ago, I accepted a wager that I could refurnish a bedroom, with the exception of the bed, for fifteen dollars. I won it. I visited the garret and excavated an old-fashioned couch and some wicker chairs grown pale in the sun of many summers, but still standing firm on their legs. I bought some chintz at a bargain and covered the lounge, using velour for the pillow that went with it. I washed the chairs first in salt and water, then painted them black and finished them with black varnish, reseated them with carpets, and then with cushions of velour. I made a toilette table of imitation white scrim over primrose cambric and made a pretty lambrequin of cherry silk for my mantelpiece. I covered the seat to the organ, which I did not mention, as it is not usually regarded as a necessary article of bedroom furniture, with velour. I had money left to buy two small rugs, a chintz covering for my bed, and a piece as a table cover. Having lost apparently all claim to modesty, I may as well state that the room has been admired as an artistic success by people who would have expired if they knew that it cost only fifteen dollars. I have wandered into these details to show you what can be accomplished by covering old boxes and making chairs out of barrels. . . .

We have the prospect of three hundred dollars from the sale of the Little White Shadow . A third of this amount should be large enough to hire a little house somewhere at the seashore or in the hill country within comparatively easy distance of the city. I think the seashore preferable, if only that it can be reached by boat, which is much cheaper than traveling by rail. I don't care much for the external appearance of the house, if it's weatherproof and is surrounded by, or at least has a few, shade trees near it. But inside, the American fondness for fresh clean paint I sincerely hope will prevail. The floors will be either stained or painted, carpets being quite superfluous in the summer. . . .

That we have a home somewhere next summer is as certain as anything is ever certain. That we must furnish it is the greatest certainty of all. That the sooner we go to work to organize a part of our committee and get the furniture promised, the better. We can begin on our bed linen, tablecloths, dishtowels, and other towels as soon as we like, the sooner the better. For the best way to encourage belief in visions is to turn them into reality at once.

Bed linen marked with flower patterns indicating for which rooms they were to be used was a feature of all of her houses. As years went by, not only did the benefactors embroider, hem, and stitch articles for the vacation homes, but guests joined in the fun by making bureau covers, table covers, and table linen as their contribution toward the co-operative effort.

It was thus through hospitality that Emily Morgan found the greatest joy in living--hospitality in the fullest sense. Her consideration for her guests meant that she gave each of them time for renewal and expansion in any way each might please. Yet whenever she was at the houses she stood ready to share her hours, her home, and her heart. She planned for the comfort of each guest with group benefits in mind--though no rules were ever allowed.

Emily Morgan has been termed a romanticist and a sentimentalist. She was neither. Her love of people and her love of life enabled her to detect and reveal the romance and drama in the drabbest people. Her eyes glowed as she talked with others. She perceived in each man, woman, and child the Christ element, the development of personality, and the heroism in the face of life's difficulties.

Sentimentality in every form she abhorred. Her years of experience in living with four brothers trained her in a direct approach to problems. Her sense of humor gave savor to her existence. Sentiment she had for family associations, respect for tradition and convention as guides, but she disliked conservatism that hampered life or shut out any person or group of persons.

Through long years of sharing with others she found fulfillment of her best self, a satisfactory expression of her Christian religion, an opportunity for leadership, and growth in power. Her early diaries show a rebellion against formal religion per se and confusion at the willingness of so-called Christians to overlook the suffering of men, women, and children living in their cities. For several years she struggled against unbelief and lived in an agony of soul. When she had found an opportunity to plan for the happiness of others, she began to know the Christ whom she sought. It was through her obedience to His law "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" that she reached the higher law "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength."

Unlike many generous people, she could receive with equal grace. She realized with keen insight that for others as well as herself it is more blessed to give than to receive. She accepted charmingly each material and spiritual gift, even though she had paid for a form of service. Her "Thank you" was in turn a gift of herself. Down through the years rings that vibrant voice-- "Thank you, Angel Pet," "Thank you, Duckie," or "Thank you, Carleen"--as she decorated her gratitude with some special name of endearment. She was punctilious about thanking those who helped to make a success of any undertaking. Endowed with an excellent memory, she made a practice of recording gifts small and large with accuracy. In 1890, the Heartsease logbook tells of sending over three hundred postal cards to friends of the vacation house for their gifts of money, time, vegetables, or flowers, and for their personal interest. Giving and acceptance alike were to her a sacrament, in which there was always a sense of the Divine Presence as well as a recognition of the value of the personality with whom she was dealing.

Scientists tell us that every material and human object vibrates in a certain key and that each of us responds more readily to those who are tuned to the same physical vibrations. If that be true, Emily Morgan was one in whom the overtones were as clear as the basic tones, for she responded to each person she met. Her Arab guide in the desert talked with her about points in common in the Christian and Mohammedan religions. To Jack, the caretaker at Beulahland, whose tendency to swear caused him great distress, she confessed her own difficulty in restraining her temper and holding her tongue when irritated.

At a concert given at Adelynrood on Holy Cross Day, 1937, in memory of Emily Morgan by the Bell Ringers of Newburyport, the founder of the organization said:

We are playing these bells today in recognition of the fact that we owe our existence to the sympathetic interest shown by Miss Morgan. For years I had talked of forming such a group of young people who could learn through playing together what it means to subordinate self for the sake of harmony in the whole. They could learn through playing for the sick and lonely in institutions something of the joy of alleviating suffering in the world. For years nobody seemed interested. People laughed at the idea. They thought the expense and difficulty of obtaining bells from England insurmountable obstacles. But when I told my hopes and vision to Miss Morgan, she understood at once. "You must do it," she said. Her financial contribution, the first received, gave me courage to go forward. Her encouragement gave substance to my vision. The Newburyport Bell Ringers owe their existence to Miss Morgan.

Thousands of persons received intimate friendly guidance through the power of the sympathy she developed through years of fellowship with Christ and His children. Her early journals

reveal her realization of the pain and suffering in the world. The death of her brother Edward in her twelfth year was a genuine tragedy. She recorded the death of President Garfield, the loss of a neighbor, and that of a cousin with a genuine sense of personal sorrow. When she heard of the birth of a small niece, she wrote of the difficulties and sorrows which awaited this newborn soul and prayed for her guidance. In her seventeenth summer, she felt an increasing sense of the futility of life, writing in September of 1879, "Oh dear, is there no end to human calamities?"

Distrust of self, depression, and despair cover the pages of her journal for two years. "O God, if there is a God, have mercy upon me, do not let my soul go into utter darkness. I don't seem to have strength of myself to help myself. Give me strength. Guide me to Thee."

In September 1881, her journal says: "I have been reading over what I wrote in former journals. Thank God, I have not gone to the bad, but through suffering have been brought nearer than ever before to His Divine Presence. I have learnt many lessons during the past year which were very hard and sad, but I have profited by them. They have taught me through myself what any amount of warning from others would never have done, and although they have caused me pain I am thankful for them."

December 24, 1881, she wrote: "That the pure light which the Christ Child shed may be the happiness of the sorrowing, the healer of the brokenhearted, is the sincere prayer of one who has long since almost forgotten to pray."

December 31, 1881: "I could no more write the childish outpourings I wrote a few years ago. The most genuine expression of sorrow or trouble lies in utter silence. In that lies the dignity of grief."

The love of Christ constrained her. Her early training and heritage gave her a knowledge of the Bible, discipline in the use of prayer, and regularity in the externals of religion. Her childhood sensitiveness to the inequalities in life and to the tragedies in existence was never lost, but became expressed through her ability to work for others in the power of Christ's strength. At various times she had a distinct vision of Him. Of her experience in the desert of Sahara, record will be found elsewhere in this book. A friend writes: "The mystical and material were happily mixed in Emily Morgan. I believe she had visions all her life. Here are two that she related to me:

"The Lord said to me, 'You may pray as much as you like, but if you will get up at 4 A.M. to write letters I can't prevent your being cross at 4 P.M.' "

"Just before my thyroid operation, I lay awake all night. Toward morning I was conscious of the Lord's Presence beside me. He said, 'You have wanted to see me all your life.' I answered, 'Yes, I have.' Then He said, 'But you can't see me until you die.' Then I turned on my side and fell asleep."

A review of her life shows many serious illnesses and operations, yet her vitality and high spirits were such that she appeared in excellent health during the greater part of her life. She had no patience with discussions about her diet and any other restrictions. She took little interest in food at any time. Emily's humor and high spirits were marked characteristics. Among her notebooks are those including funny stories and unusual epitaphs, some of which she illustrated with sketches of the monuments on which they appeared. Gaiety prevailed whenever she was present. She was a gifted raconteur.

Members of the Girls' Club of Hartford recall the happy evenings when Miss Morgan was present. Mrs. Frank P. Chisholm, a member of that club, relates the story of an evening when as she climbed the stairs to the clubroom on Main Street in Hartford, she heard peals of laughter, which she recognized as an indication that Miss Morgan was present. On entering the room, Mrs. Chisholm discovered that the occasion for the fun was Miss Morgan's unique way of earning money for the club by charging five cents a look when she removed her wig and showed her bald head. Fever had removed her hair, but instead of being embarrassed by her shortage of natural head-covering, she made the evening a hilarious one by waving her wig in the air as each new person entered the room and willingly paid her nickel.

"Stunt parties" were a diversion which she always enjoyed. The housemothers of Heartsease tell of preparations for Miss Morgan's advent as being an excuse for such parties. At Adelynrood, Putnam Elms, and Beulahland, these gay times were well-remembered events. Every person took some part in the entertainment. Shy people forgot their diffidence when disguised by some simple costume, and hidden talents were brought into the open as laughter leveled differences.

Miss Mary L. Park, who was Adelyn Howard's nurse for years, wrote of Emily's high spirits: "It is no reflection on Emily Morgan to say that her visits to Adelyn were often dreaded by the nurse, as they were always followed by days of pain and exhaustion, but well worth the cost to Adelyn, so she thought.

"Emily always came with arms full and wrappings never would stay in place to cover the contents. I remember her on one of the last visits, her face shining with perspiration and goodwill, a bust of the 'Laughing Boy' on one arm with the cover slipped off, and numerous books and packages on the other arm. And she spent the day!"

The high spirits which enabled her to taste life with such zest and to infect others with her joyousness had to be restrained when moments of quick anger flooded her consciousness. By bantering repartee she often found an outlet for her deep irritation. Intolerance and pettiness annoyed her. She frequently stated that her special form of intolerance was her annoyance at narrowness in others. Details bothered her, but she disciplined her mind to consider matters which had to be decided. When necessary decisions had been made, she refused to "wallow" in them and resented repetitious discussions, especially if responsibility for the situation had been delegated to someone else.

Her ability to concentrate upon immediate problems and to lay responsibility on other shoulders enabled her to carry several similar projects at once. Each summer during most of her life she carried two heavy loads, the running of a vacation house and the leadership in the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross. She chose able persons to take charge of details in each of these projects, and gave serious attention to the material and personality problems presented in the place in which she found herself. She did not forget the absent, nor ignore their difficulties, but she refused to worry about matters to which she could not attend because she did not have all the facts in hand. At a sacrifice of time and strength, she traveled frequently from one home to another during the summer season, that she might settle questions which she alone could decide, and that she might give sympathy and courage to her friends and colleagues.

Pride was at once her boon and her bane. Pride gave her an independence which enabled her to do pioneer work and to find satisfaction in what she could accomplish. Although Emily Morgan was proud of her democratic ideas and achievements, she was fundamentally an aristocrat, and consciously so. Her emphasis upon the great chasms in station and class and her effort to bridge these chasms indicated her awareness of class distinctions. Noblesse oblige governed her minutest actions. Yet she was humble as only those persons can be who have struggled with pride. When those whom she accepted as coworkers in generosity criticized her unfairly, she accepted their statements with gay courtesy and self-control, although her pride was frequently wounded and on rare occasions she gave vent to her wrath in the secrecy of her room and among a few friends. As the head of an organization, she examined her reasons for decisions with great care, lest her natural preference for personal prestige blind her eyes to a step that would be good for the group. She often allowed herself to be misjudged in order that she might keep an organization on even keel.

Emily Morgan was a loyal member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but she was never partisan in her devotion either to her branch of the Christian Church or to any group within the Church. She was a member of Trinity Church, Hartford, in her childhood days. Later when her family became members of Christ Church, now the Cathedral in Hartford, she attended services regularly there. Returning to the Cathedral toward the end of her life, the memories of services held there when her mother, father, and brothers had been present nearly overwhelmed her in one of her rare experiences of regret for the days that were gone. In her latter years she was a member of Trinity Church, Boston, where she had a Bible class for young women. When at Putnam Elms she attended Trinity Church, Brooklyn, Connecticut.

Of her Church background, Emily Morgan wrote in 1927:

My mother's people left England at a time when the Puritans made it too hot for them to stay there. They fled because they were Church of England people who suffered for their allegiance, so I never knew any other tradition. When I was little, my mother was in correspondence with some later leaders of the Oxford movement. When I was in England when I was nine years old, I was taken at Oxford to hear Dr. Pusey and others preach at St. Mary's, and in London Canon Liddon at St. Paul's, also Cardinal Manning; and my father took me to hear Spurgeon, to round out my preaching education; and again on the Continent I was taken to hear great preachers, opportunities utterly unappreciated by me, so that several years later when I was back in America being prepared for confirmation, I volunteered to my parish priest the information: "I'll tell you one thing about my parents,--they have made me listen to sermons all right!" On being asked how much I remembered of them, I answered, "Nothing, and I like fresh air!" "Pert little piece!" I can hear someone say, but at least I was not a prig! My brother served as curate under Mr. Bennett of Frome Selwood, and Mother had much correspondence with some of the friends he made there, and with others in England, and for her generation I suppose she might be called "High Church." Yet many years afterward she said to me--shortly before she died at the age of eighty: "Never forget you belong to a great universal Church moving onward to the City of God. In your own particular branch of it which the title page of the Prayer Book calls 'The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America,' never belong to a party in it, for it has been my experience, especially with women, if you are partisan, the party becomes the whole Church. If you try to recognize the best in each party and hammer away at that, and try and acquire the fervor of great evangelicals as I have known them, and recognize the integrity and breadth of Broad Churchmen, and accept the sacramental teaching of High Churchmen, you will belong to the whole of your Church but you will not belong to a party in it."

It is seldom perhaps that one receives such direct teaching by a veteran who taught her her first prayers, and trying to follow this advice has helped me in many situations, especially at Adelynrood.

Although her love of beauty gave her joy in a well-ordered ritual, she was troubled by regulations which made any one type of ritual obligatory for the whole Church. She strove without any slackening of effort to keep the services at Adelynrood of a moderate form that would be acceptable to any type of churchmanship.

The daily services held in the chapels at Beulahland and at Putnam Elms were attended by Protestants, Jews, and Roman Catholics. Personal difficulties and group differences were ironed out by the prayers and hymns used in those short daily times of prayer. Because she practiced the Presence of God herself, Emily Morgan led others into His Presence directly. To go into chapel from a scene of rollicking laughter and to take part in the service with profound reverence was not a strange transition for her, because she traveled gaily on the heavenly way.

In the chapel at Putnam Elms there hang framed pages from a book illumined by a well-known artist. The texts are taken from St. John's Epistles and are called "Old Love Letters." In 1924 Emily Morgan wrote of these:

I am studying one of these texts which hangs under the picture of Fra Angelico's "Paradiso." It is illumined with many yellow butterflies just born from ugly shapes, and which have fluttered from darkness into light. They fly in and out of a text assertive of a joy yet to be, when we shall have passed from ugliness and all that mars life here to perfect beauty and from shadows into the endless sunshine of a radiant day. "Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be; but we know that, when He shall appear, we shall be like Him; for we shall see Him as He is."