fluorochromes
atomic force microscope
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- Authors: Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster
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- Book title: Microbiology
- Publication date: Nov 1, 2016
- Location: Houston, Texas
- Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction
- Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/chapter-2
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microbiology #2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
aggregation of cells arising from single parent cell | Colony |
collection of microbes living on a surface in a complex community | biofilm |
source of Carbon (CO2) for growth requirements | Autotroph, heterotrophs (organic compounds) |
sources of energy for growth requirements | chemotrophs (chemicals)(organism use), phototrophs (light) (plant use) |
grow in the presence of oxygen | aerobes |
an organism that cannot tolerate oxygen | Anaerobes |
microorganism that can live with or without oxygen | facultative anaerobe |
microorganism with which prefers anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen | aerotolerant anaerobe |
microorganism that require requires low levels of oxygen | microareophile |
anabolism ceases because of insufficient _____ | nitrogen |
chemical requirements for growth | nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, trace elements, growth factors |
required in minute amounts for the growth requiremnts | trace elements |
necessary organic chemicals that cannot be synthesized by certain organisms | growth factors |
used by mycoplasmas (bacteria) for cell membranes | cholesterol for growth factors |
component of proteins | amino acids for growth factors |
functional portion of cytochromes in electron transport system | heme for growth factors |
precursor of NAD and NADP | niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) for growth factors |
component of coenzyme A | Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) for growth factors |
precursor of folic acid, which is involved in metabolism of one carbon compounds & nucleic acid synthesis | para-aminobezoic acid (PABA) for growth factors |
components of nucleic acids | purines, pyrimidines for growth factors |
utilized in transamination syntheses of amino acids | pyridoxine (vitamin B6) for growth factors |
precursor of FAD | riboflavin (vitamin B2) for growth factors |
utilized in some decarboxylation reactions | thiamine (vitamin B1) for growth factors |
temperature affects what in proteins? | the 3D structure |
what is temperature sensitive in a cell? | lipid containing membranes of cells & organelles |
if temperature is too low in cell, what happens? | membranes become rigid & fragile |
if temperature is too high in cell, what happens? | membranes become too fluid |
what is the ideal temperature for bacteria? | 37C |
most humans and pathogens are classifed as? | mesophiles |
organisms are sensitive to change in what kind of environment? | acidity |
neutrophiles have what kind of pH? | neutral |
acidophiles have what kind of pH? | low pH |
alkalinophiles have what kind of pH? | High pH |
pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane by a solution containing solutes that cannont freely cross membrane | osmotic pressure |
lower solute concentrations, cells swell | hypotonic solution |
greater solute concentration, cell shrivels | hypertonic solution |
restricts organisms to certain environments, obligate & facultative halophiles | physical effects of water |
cell is normal, fluid is equal on the inside and the outside | isotonic solution |
a microbe harms another organism | antagonistic relationship |
members of an association receive benefits that exceed those that would result if each lived by itself | synergistic relationship |
organisms become interdependent and rarely live outside the relationship | symbiotic relationship |
complex relationships among numerous microorganisms, form on surfaces, medical devices, mucous membranes of digestive system, dental plaque is considered this | biofilm |
progenitor is termed a________ | colony forming unit (CFU) |
pure cultures are composed of cells arising from a single ______ | progenitor |
_______technique prevents contamination of sterile substances or objects | Aseptic |
2 common isolation techniques | streak plates, pour plates |
Bacterial inoculum intoduced into nutrients called ____ | media |
only _____ of bacteria are culturable | 5% |
6 types of culture media | defined, complex, selective, differential, anaerobic, transport media |
medium in which the exact chemical composition is known | defined media |
exact chemical composition is unknown, contains nutrients from yeast, beef, soy or proteins, supports growth of wide variety of microorganisms, used to culture organisms with unknown nutritional needs | complex media |
allows certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibits the growth of other organisms | selective media |
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) has a high salt content, which represses the growth of bacteria other than _______ | Staphylococci |
differentiate closely related species of bacteria, organisms will produce characteristic changes or growth patterns that are used for identification or differentiation | differential media |
Blood agar (BAP) visualizes the ability of bacterial species to____ | lyse red blood cells |
crystal violet kills ______ | gram positive bacteria |
e. Coli is usually Gram _______ | negative |
obligate anaerobes must be cultured in the absence of free oxygen | anaerobic media |
petri plates are incubated in ____________ culture vessels, sealable containers that contain chemicals that reduce the oxygen | anaerobic |
which is th emost common anaerobic? | Palladium |
used by hospital personnel to ensure clinical specimens are not contaminated and to protect people from infection, rapid transport of sample is important | transport media |
examples of transport media | blood culture bottles, thioglycollate broth |
stores for short period of time | refrigeration |
stores for years | deep-freezing |
bacteria freeze better in the presence of what? | glycerol |
freeze drying in to a powder, stores for decades | lyophilization |
time required for a bacterial cell to divide/ grow, dependent on chemical & physical conditions | generation time |
microbial growth curve | lag phase, log (exponential) phase, stationary phase, death (decline) phase |
direct methods not requiring incubation | microscopic counts |
stained prokaryotes & large eukaryotes | microscopic counts |
electronic counters for measuring microbial reproduction | flow cytometry, coulter counter |
direct methods require _____ | incubation, serial dilution & viable plate counts |
indirect methods require ______ | turbidity |
what is turbidity measured by? | spectrophotomoeter |
what can grow in a petri plate ona laboratory table? | an aerobic bacterium |
This statement "in the laboratory, a sterile inoculating loop is moved across the agar surface in a culture dish, thinning a sample and isolating individuals" describes which of the following? | streak plate |
superoxide dismutase neutralizes ____ | singlet oxygen |
the most reactive of the 4 toxic forms of oxygen is? | the hydroxyl radical |
microaerophiles that grow best with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in addition to a low level of oxygen are called? | capnophiles |
organisms that preferentially thrive in icy waters are described as _______ | psychrophiles |
barophiles cannot ______ | cause disease in humans |
an organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen | obligate anaerobe |
when the exact chemical composition is know it is called a ? | defined medium |
most useful in representing population growth on a graph | semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y-axis |
best method for counting fecal bacteria from a stream to determine the safety of the water for drinking | membrane filtration |
a device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector | coulter counter |
the ability to respond to changes in population density | quorum sensing |
what do cells require for a redox reaction? | electrons |
toxic form of oxygen, molecular oxygen with electrons that have been boosted to a higher energy state | singlet oxygen |
what essential element do all cells recycle from amino acids & nucleotides? | nitrogen |
what are small organic molecules that are required in minute amounts for metabolism | growth factors |
the lowest temperature at which a microbe continues to metabolize is called its _________ | minimum growth temperature |
__________ pigments protect many phototrophic organisms from photochemically produced singlet oxygen | carotenoid |
microbes that reduce to N2 to NH3 engage in nitrogen __________ | fixation |
a student observes a researcher streaking a plate numerous times, flaming the loop between streaks. The researcher is likely using the ______ method to isolate microorganisms | streak plate |
chemolithotrophs acquire electrons from ________ compounds | inorganic |
destroys most microorganisms & viruses on non-living tissues (particularly pathogens) | Disinfection |
destruction of ALL microorganisms on an object | sterilization |
sterile microbial control | disinfection & sterilization |
reduction in the microorganisms & viruses on living tissues (particularly pathogens) | antiseptic |
mechanical removal of microorganisms (handwashing) | Degerming |
using heat to destroy pathogens & reduce microbial load in food products, slows down food spoilage | pasteurization |
reduction of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards | sanitation |
most resistant to sterilization | prions |
least resistant to sterilization | enveloped viruses |
what biosafety level: handling microbes that do not cause disease in humans, ex: yogurt factories | BSL-1 |
bio-safety level: handling moderately hazardous agents | BSL-2 |
bio-safety level: all manipulations of microbes done in safety cabinets | BSL-3 |
denature proteins, interfere with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane & cell wall, disrupt structure & function of nucleic acids | effects of high temperature on cells |
used to disinfect, sanitize, sterilize & pasteurize, denature proteins & destroys cytoplasmic membranes, more effective than dry heat | moist heat |
kills vegetative cells | boiling |
methods of microbial control using moist heat | boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization |
high heat, high pressure, over boiling | autoclaving |
autoclave conditions | 121C, 15 psi, at least 15 minutes |
heat destroys pathogens, reduces the number of spoilage micoorganisms in food, not sterilization | pasteurization |
decreases, microbial metabolism, growth & reproduction, refrigeration halts growth of most pathogens, some microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods | refrigeration & freezing |
_______ inhibits growth as a result of removal of water | Desiccation (drying) |
_______ is used for long term preservation of microbial cultures, prevents formation of damaging ice crystals | Lyophilization |
pass non-sterile solution through a membrane with small pores that trap microbial contaminents | filter sterilization |
introduces so much DNA damage that the cell dies, superficial sterilization, not common in hospitals only works on surfaces | non-ionizing radiation/ UV radiation |
commonly used in the healthcare setting, labs & homes, have disagreeable odor & possible side effects, ex: pine-sol | phenol & phenolics |
swabbing skin with _____ prior to injection removes most microbes, ex: ethanol, isopropanol | alcohol |
iodine tablets, iodophores, chlorine treatment, bleach, the addition of fluoride to water & toothpaste, are all examples of what | halogens |
hydrogen peroxide can disinfect & sterilize surfaces, not useful for treating open wounds | oxidizing agents |
good degerming agent, but not antimicrobial | soaps & detergents |
heavy metals used for disinfection | silver nitrate |
______ is commonly used to prevent blindness in newborn babies caused by N. gonorrhoeae | silver nitrate |
________ contains 1 molecule of mercury, and is used to preserve vaccines | Thimerosal |
Formalin is considered a ______ | Aldehyde |
________ is used in embalming & in disinfection of rooms & instruments | Formalin |
methods for evaluating disinfectants and antiseptics | in-use test |
accurate determination of proper strength and application procedure for each specific situation | in-use test |
what kills microorganisms on laboratory surfaces? | disinfectants |
what best describes the disinfecting of cafeteria plates? | sanitization |
the microbial death rate is used to measure the efficiency of ________ | detergent, antiseptics and sanitization techniques |
the endospores of which organism are used as a biological indicator of sterilzation | bacillus stearothermophilus |
what functions as an auotclave? | pressure cooker |
the preserve beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method? | desiccation |
which type of radiation is more widely used as antimicrobial technique? | electron beams |
what substances would most effectively inhibit anaerobes? | hydrogen peroxide |
what adjective best describes a surgical procedure that is free of microbial contaminants? | aseptic |
a sample of E. coli has been subjected to heat for a specified time, and 805 of the cells have been destroyed, what best describes this event? | decimal reduction time |
what is active against bacterial endospores? | ethylene oxide |
what disinfectant acts against against cell membranes? | phenol |
what disinfectant contains alcohol? | tincture of bromine |
what antimicrobial chemical has been used to sterilize spacecraft? | ethylene oxide |
what class of surfactants is most soluble in water? | quaternary ammonium compounds |
who invented penicillin? | Alexander Flemming |
effective antimicrobial agent that is more toxic to the pathogen than to the host | selective toxicity |
numerous differences between _________ bacteria and ________ hosts provides many targets | pathogenic, eukaryotic |
Beta-lactams: penicilin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, vancomycin, bacitracin inhibit what? this also weakens the cell wall | peptidoglycan formation |
antimicrobial agent that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the tRNA docking site | tetracycline |
antimicrobial agent that inhibits protein synthesis by changing the shape of the 30s ribosomal subunit | aminoglycoside |
what is a good target for antimicrobial activity? | ribosomes |
why are ribosomes a good target for antimicrobial activity? | changes shape of subunits within ribosomes to interfere with binding, prevent elongation of proteins & prevents enzymatic activity |
_________ attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming pores which disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane | Amphotericin B |
what is effective when pathogen and host metabolic processes differ? | Antimetabolic agents |
structurally similar to an enzyme required to synthesize folic acid, necessary to make DNA & RNA nucleotides | sulfonamides |
what happens when you over prescibe broad spectrum drugs? | antibiotic resistance |
example of a broad spectrum drug | sulfonamides, erythomycin, tetracyline |
bacterial lawn exposed to dics impregnated with antimicrobial agents, the larger the zone of inhibition the more effective | kirby-bauer disk diffusion |
the lowest concentration of antimicrobial able to kill all bacteria in a well | minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
routes of administration for antimicrobial drugs | topical application, oral route, intramuscular administration, intravenous administation |
side effects of administration of antimicrobial drugs | toxicity, allergies, disruption of normal microbiota |
why must you finish a course of prescribed antibiotics | because of the development of resistance in populations |
________ denatures Beta-lactam penicillins making it ineffective | Beta-lactamase |
_______ remove drugs from inside of the cell | efflux pump |
forming an enzyme that destroys or deactivates the drug will... | alter the target of the drug, efflux pumps remove drugs from inside the cell, slow down metabolism, which creates fewer targets, alter the binding site of the drug |
Alters penicillin-binding protein in the membrane Gene encoded on a plasmid | S. aureus mecA gene |
Proteins that traverse the inner and outer membrane – remove antibiotic from the cell | Genes encoded on plasmids |
Bacterial cells in biofilm become “sessile”, or metabolically inactive – decreases drug targets available, If a cell reverts to metabolic activity, becomes susceptible again | Slow down metabolism |
Genotypic changes, Polymicrobial infections increase genetic transfers between species | Antibiotic resistance |
Phenotypic changes, Sessile cells are metabolically inactive, Transient tolerance | Antibiotic tolerance |
Maintain high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time, Use antimicrobial agents in combination, Use antimicrobials only when necessary, Develop new variations of existing drugs, Search for new antibiotics | Retarding Resistance |
diffusion/ dilution tests that expose pathogens to antimicrobials are designed to ________ | determine which drug is most effective against a particular pathogen & determine the amount of a drug to use against a particular pathogen |
ina kirby-bauer susceptibility test, the presence of a zone of inhibition around disks containing antimicrobial agents indicates________ | that the microbes does not grow in the presence of the agents |
the key to successful chemotherapy is _______ | selective toxicity |
why are sulfonamides effective? | humans & microbes use PABA differently in their metabolism |
resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent | cross resistance |
multiple drug resistant microbes ________ | frequently develop in hospitals |
what is most closely associated with a beta-lactam ring? | penicilin |
drugs that act against protein synthesis | aminoglycosides |
drugs that neutralize the acidity of ________ prevent viral uncoating | phagolysosomes |
___________ can be used to stop microbial replication | nucleotide analogs |
drugs containing __________ retard viral growth by blocking the reproduction of essential viral proteins | protease inhibitors |
PABA is used to ________ | synthesize folic acid |
the interplay between drugs that results in efficacy that exceeds the efficacy of either drug alone | Synergism |
most numerous & diverse group of cellular microbes, thrive in various habitats, only a few are capable of colonizing humans & causing disease | prokaryotes |
what bacteria are endospores produced by? | bacillus & clostridium |
defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions, are often difficult to kill | endospores |
how do prokaryotes reproduce? | asexually (binary fission) |
2 types of asexual reproduction done by prokaryotes? | binary fission (most common) & budding (usually done by fungi) |
modern prokaryotic classification is based on? | genetic relatedness of rRNA sequences |
three domains of prokaryotic classifcation | archaea, bacteria, eukarya |
lack true peptidoglycan, cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains | common features of archaea |
what is not known to cause disease? | archaea |
2 types of extremophiles | thermophiles, halophiles |
DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes & proteins do not function well below 45C | thermophiles |
inhabit extremely saline habitats, depend on greater that 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls, may contain red or orange pigments | halophiles |
largest group of archaea, convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas & organic acids to methane gas | Methanogens |
live in the colons of cows, primary source of environmental methane | methanogens |
Different types of gram positive bacteria: Firmicutes | clostridium, mycoplasma, bacili |
Different types gram positive bacilli bacteria | bacillus, listeria, lactobacillus, streptococcus, staphylococcus |
Different types of gram positive actinobacteria | corynebacterium, mycobacterium, actinomyces, nocarida, streptomyces |
rod shaped, obligate anaerobes, produce toxins that cause disease in humans, endospores survive harsh conditions | clostridia |
clostridia is associated with what bacteria/ diseases | Cdiff, tetanus, botulism |
what is also know as "walking pnemonia" or pnemonia acquired during the summer? | mycoplasma pneumoniae |
smallest free living cells, lack cell walls | mycoplasmas |
this gram positive bacteria is classified as endospore forming aerobes and facultative anaerobes | bacillus |
contaminates milk/ meat products, capable of reproducing under refrigeration, can kill the fetus in pregnant women if it crosses the placenta | listeria monocytogenes |
grows in the mouth, stomach, intestinal tract & vagina, rarely causes disease, inhibits the growth of pathogens within the body, used in the production of various foods | Lactobacillus |
Streptococcus pyogenes "group A" can cause ______ | strep throat or necrotizing fascitis |
Streptococcus agalactiae "Group B" can cause ________ | newborn meningitis |
Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause ______ | commensal skin colonizer |
Staphylococcus aureus is _________ | common pathogen, multi-drug resistant (MRSA, VRSA) |
what does the gram positive bacteria: corynebacterium diptheriae cause? | diptheria-throat infection |
filamentous rods, slow growth partly due to mycolic acid in its cell walls | mycobacterium |
mycobacterium tuberculosis is called? | TB |
mycobacterium leprae is called? | leprocy |
the gram positive bacteria actinobacteria is also known as? | phylum |
form branching filaments resembling fungi, producers of antiniotics, acid-fast | actinobacteria (phylum) |
examples of actinobacteria | actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces |
produces numerous antibiotics | streptomyces |
largest and most diverse group of bacteria | proteobacteria |
proteobacteria is gram_______ | negative |
5 classes of proteobacteria | alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon -proteobacteria |
associated with plants, nitrogen fixation | rhizobium |
spread by arthropods, associated with rocky mountain spotted fever | rickettsia |
can contaminate milk, causes miscarriges, cause brucellosis | Brucella |
rhizobium, rickettsia & brucella are all categorized as what gram-negative bacteria | alphaproteobacteria |
causes gonorrhea & meningitis | neisseria |
causes pertussis "whooping cough" | bordetella |
legionella, enterobacteriacae & psuedomonads are all categorized as what gram negative bacteria? | gammaproteobacteria |
what gram-negative bacteria causes legionnaire's disease, american legion | legionella |
what gram-negative bacteria causes intestinal bacteria to develop? | enterobacteriacae |
what gram-negative bacteria is associated with important human pathogens? | psuedomonads |
what does the gram negative bacteria vibrio parahaemolyticus cause? | "summer diarrhea" oysters |
what does the gram negative bacteria yersinia pestis cause? | plague, black death |
what gram negative bacteria causes urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory infections, bacteremia, ear infections | psuedomonas aeruginosa |
infects the stomach, causes ulcers, stomach cancer | hylicobacteria pylori |
hylicobacteria pylori is classified as what class of bacteria? | epsilonproteobacteria |
venereal disease, causes neonatal blindness | chylamydia trachomatis |
what gram negative bacteria is chylamydia trachomatis classified as? | phylum chlamydiae |
the bacteria that causes syphilis, neurosyphilis | treponema pallidum |
lyme disease, spread through ticks | borrelia |
what 2 bacteria are classified as phylum spirochetes? | treponema pallidum & borrelia |
what bacteria lacks peptidoglycan cell walls? | Chylamydia |
Archaea are classified into phyla based primarily ______ sequences | rRNA |
________ inhibit extremely saline habitats, such as the Great Salt Lake | Halophiles |
Pigments in _________ in phototrophic bacteria trap light energy for metabolic processes | thylakoids |
Most cyanobacteria form _________ in which nitrogen fixation occurs | heterocysts |
what are giant bacteria that are large enough to be seen without a microscope? | Selenomonas |
the type of reproduction in prokaryotes that results in a palisade arrangement of cells is called? | snapping division |
the thick walled reproductive spores produced in the middle of cyanobacterial filaments is called? | terminal endospores |
what best describes stiff, spiral-shaped prokaryotic cells? | spirilla |
what can remain alive for decades, remain alive in boiling water, exist in a state of suspended animation? | endopores |
how is halobacterium distinctive? | it is absolutely dependent on high salt concentrations to maintain its cell wall |
photosynthetic bacteria that also fix nitrogen are ___________ | cyanobacteria |
what genus is the most common anaerobic human pathogen? | bacteroides |
flexible spiral shaped prokaryotes are ______ | spirochetes |
bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia are __________ | nitrogen fixers |
the presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall characterizes what? | mycobacterium |
3 eukaryotic microorganisms | protozoa, algae, fungi |
single copy (haploid) occurs through what process? | meiosis |
what reproduces mostly through meiosis | fungi |
2 copy (diploid) occurs through what process? | mitosis |
what reproduces through mitosis? | algae, protozoa |
cell partitions that replicate DNA equally between 2 nuclei, exact copies of parent nucleus, remain diploid | mitosis |
4 phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
occurs before mitosis begins, DNA & organelles are duplicated | interphase |
Dna condenses, nucleus dissolves, mitotic spindle moves to poles | prophase |
DNA lines up in the middle of the cell, mitotic spindle attaches | metaphase |
DNA pairs split, move towards poles | Anaphase (mitosis) |
nucleus reforms, organelles and DNA cluster in poles, cleavage furrow forms | telophase (mitosis) |
nuclear division that partitions parent cells into 4 haploid cells, 2 stages-meiosis I and meisis II-each stage includes 4 stages PMAT | Meiosis |
homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads | prophase I |
tetrads align in the middle of the cell, mitotic spindle attaches | metaphase I |
chromosomes split, move towards poles | Anaphase (meiosis) |
nucleus reforms, chromosomes cluster in poles, cleavage furrow forms | telophase (meiosis) |
DNA not replicated, one chromosome in each cell, mitotic spindle moves toward poles | prophase II |
chromosomes aligns in the middle of the cell, mitotic spindle attaches | metaphase II |
division of a cells cytoplasm | Cytokinesis |
3 characteristics of protozoa? | eukaryotic, unicellular, lack a cell wall |
most protozoa are _______ | chemoheterotrophic |
what is the motile feeding stage in protozoa called? | trophozoite |
what is the resting stage in protozoa called? | cyst |
fungi cell walls are typically composed of _____ | chitin |
chemoheterotrophic, do not perform photosynthesis, related to animals, produce antibiotics, decomposer | fungi |
divided into cells by internal cross walls in fungi | septate hypha |
no septate partitioned in fungi | aseptate hypha |
all have some means of asexual reproduction, most also reproduce sexually | fungi |
some yeasts produce long filaments called _______ | psuedohypha |
fungal mating types designated as "+" and "-_ | sexual spore formation |
classifications of fungi | zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, deuteromycetes |
recieves nutrition from dead matter | saprobes |
what fungal classification is saprobes classified under? | zygomycota |
most human pathogens, food spoilage, beneficial fungi includes penicillium | ascomycota |
what are beneficial fungi? | penicillium, saccharomyces |
what category are the fungi: penicillium, saccharomyces classified under? | ascomycota |
the yeast responsible for making bread, beer & wine | saccharomyces |
what fungal classification is mushrooms under? | basidiomycota |
partnership between fungi & photosynthetic microbes, fungus provides nutrients, water, & protection and photosynthetic microbes provide carbohydrates & oxygen | lichens |
simple, eukaryotic phototrophs, carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll, aquatic | algae |
classifications of algae | green, red & golden algae |
share numerous characteristics with plants, green algae | chlorophyta |
marine, red algae | rhodophyta |
component of marine phytoplankton, major source of world's oxygen | chrysophyta |
_________ are animals that carry pathogens | arthropod vectors |
2 types of arthropod vectors | mechanical & biological |
what kind of arthropod vector carry pathogens? | mechanical vectors |
what kind of arthropod vector carry/ host pathogens, transmit disease through bites | biological vectors |
what 2 classes of arthropods do disease vectors belong to? | arachnida & insecta |
examples of arachnida | ticks, mites |
Examples of insecta | fleas, flies, mosquitos |
haploid nuclei contain how many sets of chromosomes? | 1 |
multiple nuclear divisions without cytoplasmic divisions result in cells called______ | coenocytes |
the type of asexual fungal spore that forms within hyphae is called a ________ | chlamydospores |
what does a phycologist study? | alterations of genes in algae |
the stemlike portion of a seawood is called its ________ | stipe |
carrageenan is found in the cell walls of which group of algae? | red algae |
chrysolaminarin is a storage product found in which group of microbes? | golden algae |
what feature characterizes diatoms? | chlorophylls a and c & carotene |
amoebae include microbes with _______ | threadlike psuedopods |
what is common to mitosis & meiosis? | spindle |
what taxon is characterized by "hairy" flagella | stramenopila |
minuscule, acellular, infecious agents, cause infections of humans, animals, plants & bacteria, no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles,"non-living" cannot reproduce on its own | viruses |
virus particles contain genetic material & a ___________ | capsid shell |
this genetic material filled capsid is called ________ | nucleocapsid |
provide protection for viral nucleic acid, means of attachment to host's cells | capsids |
a "phage" virus that only infects bacterial cells | bacteriophage |
acquired from host cell during viral replication or release, composed of host phospholipid bilayer & proteins, not on all viruses | the viral envelope |
what are viruses classified by? | nucleic acid (RNA/DNA), presence of envelope, shape (helical, cylindrical, icosahedral), size |
what is dependent on hosts' organelles and enzymes to produce new virions | viral replication |
2 types of viral replication | lytic & lysogenic |
viral replication usually results in death & lysis of host cell | lytic replication |
5 stages of lytic replication cycle | attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release |
modified replication cycle, infected host cells, grow & reproduce normally for generations before they lyse, usually incorporate viral genetic material into the DNA of the host | lysogeny |
when the cell is infected with an inactive lysogenic virus, that cell has a ________ | latent infection |
viruses cause ________% of human cancers | 20-25 |
specific viruses are known to cause ______% of human cancers | 15 |
some carry copies of oncogenes as part of their genomes, some interfere with tumor repression, some promote oncogenes already present in host | role of viruses in cancer |
3 different mechanisms in which animal viruses enter cells | direct penetration, membrane fusion, endocytosis |
viruses that enter cell with capsid intact are ______ | uncoated |
direct penetration is done by? | phages only |
membrane fushion is done by? | enveloped viruses |
endocytosis is done by? | enveloped and non-enveloped viruses |
entry & uncoating is done by? | animal viruses |
DNA viruses often enter the _______ | nucleus |
RNA viruses often replicate in the ______ | cytoplasm |
similar to replication of cellular DNA, viral genome replicated in the nucleus, viral proteins are made in the cytoplasm | dsDNA viruses |
cells do not use ssDNA, host enzymes produce DNA strand complementary to vital genome to form dsDNA molecule, dsDNA used for viral replication & transcription | ssDNA viruses |
contains reverse transcriptase that generates DNA from RNA | retroviruses +ssRNA |
strand of genome acts as mRNA | dsRNA viruses |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase generated +ssRNA | -ssRNA viruses |
enveloped viruses are often released by ________ | budding |
naked viruses are released by _________ | exocytosis or lyse |
________cannot grow in standard microbial media | viruses |
how are viruses cultured? | media consisting of mature organisms, embryonated eggs, cell cultures |
how are phages grown? | in bacteria, in liquid cultures or on agar plates |
lysis of bacteria produces ______ | plaques |
pros of culturing viruses in embryonated chicken eggs? | inexpensive, sterile, some vaccines are prepared in chicken cultures |
what virus is common culture in chicken eggs? | the influenza vaccine |
very small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious & pathogenic in plants, lack capsid, not pathogenic in humans | viroids |
proteinaceous infectious agent | prion |
most famous prion disease? | variant Creuztfeldt-jakob disease (vCJD) "Mad Cow disease" |
functional proteins that contain α-helics | cellular PrP |
disease causing proteins, contain β-pleated sheets | prion PrP |
________ causes cellular PrP to refold into prion PrP, normal proteins become non-functional | Prion PrP |
what disease does the poxviridae virus cause? | orthopoxvirus (smallpox) |
what diseases does the herpesviridae virus cause? | herpes, chicken pox, mono, birth defects |
what disease does the papillomaviridae virus cause? | human papilloma virus |
what disease does the picornaviridae virus cause? | polio, hepitis B, common cold |
what disease does the coronaviridae virus cause? | coronavirus (common cold) |
what disease does the retroviridae virus cause? | AIDS |
What disease does the orthomyxoviridae virus cause? | influenza virus (Flu) |
what disease does the filoviridae viruse cause? | filovirus (ebola) |
a naked cell has no ______ | membranous envelope |
when a eukaryotic cell is infected with an enveloped virus and sheds viruses slowly over time, this infection is called a_________ | persistent infection |
another name for a complete virus is ________ | virion |
what virus can be latent? | herpesviruses |
a clear zone of phage infection in a becterial lawn is called a ________ | plaque |
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Clinical Bacteriology (Laboratory) > Identification of Unknown Bacteria: Help save baby Kuppelfangs from an epidemic! (Labster Lab Manual | F) > Flashcards
Identification of Unknown Bacteria: Help save baby Kuppelfangs from an epidemic! (Labster Lab Manual | F) Flashcards
What is the purpose of staining in microscopy and histology?
It is a technique to increase contrast in biological sxs
What is the principle of action in staining?
Stains and dyes may interact w/ sp tissues, cell populations, organelles or proteins within the sx, w/c allows them to be more easily discerned or quantified
What is the purpose of differential staining?
It is the process of differentiating bet diff kinds of cells
What is the most widely used differential stain in the microbiology lab?
What can be done to differential staining for the identification of unknown bacteria?
It can be combined w/ other techniques, such as differential and/or selective media or biochemical tests
What is bacterial culturing?
It is the practice of growing bacteria in the lab
What is the purpose of the culture medium?
To provide the nutrients that the bacteria need
What are the types of media where bacteria can grow?
1) Liquid culture
2) Media made solid
How is the culture media made solid?
By the addition of agar, w/c gives culture media a gel-like consistency
What are the other conditions that are important for bacterial growth?
1) Temperature
2) Gas composition
The other conditions that are important for bacterial growth are regulated by what?
What is a pure culture?
A culture that only contains only a single type of microorganism
Provide exs of pure cultures
Some clinical sxs taken from normally sterile environments such as the blood or CSF
Where can sxs that likely contains a mixture of diff microorganisms come from?
From sites w/ diverse microflora such as nasal sxs or stool sxs
Can a pure culture be obtained from nasal sxs and stool sxs? If yes, how?
Yes, a pure culture can be obtained and maintained through sp culture conditions and good aseptic technique
True or False
Bacteria take up nutrients from the environment and transform them into energy and cellular components
Enzymes, proteins w/ catalytic act, are required to what?
To carry out many of the rxns necessary for metabolism
Metabolic processes and enzymatic characteristics vary bet what?
Vary bet bacterial strains and spp
Differences in metabolic processes and enzymatic characteristics of bacteria are exploited by what?
Exploited by differential or selective media and biochemical tests
Diff parts of the human body are not colonized by bacteria
False, because diff parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria
What are the diff characteristics of bacteria that may be present in the human body?
Bacteria may be:
1) Harmless or beneficial (commensals) 2) Disease-causing (pathogenic)
What are the 2 MOTs of pathogens?
1) Directly
2) Indirectly
How are pathogens transmitted indirectly? Provide an ex
Through ingesting contaminated food or H2O
Touching contaminated surfaces
What are the various defenses of humans against the transmission of microorganisms?
1) Physical barriers (skin or mucous membranes) 2) The flow of saliva or mucus 3) Low pH 4) Bile salts
How is the flow of saliva or mucus used as a defense against transmission of microorganisms?
To carry away microbes
How are low pH and bile salts act as defenses against transmission of microorganisms?
They damage microorganisms
What are the other term for commensal bacteria?
Also known as the normal flora, microbiota or collectively as the microbiome
What is the action of commensal bacteria?
Can also help protect against pathogens by inhibiting the growth or other microbes or the competitive advantage they have in the particular niche
What is the action brought by the immune system?
It allows the host to initiate a sp protective response to neutralize a microbial invasion
What is the result when a pathogen breaks the host defenses (of a human)?
It may cause infectious disease
Clinical Bacteriology (Laboratory) (24 decks)
- The Use and Care of the Microscope (P)
- Light Microscopy (Labster Lab Manual | P)
- Microscopic Examinations of Microorganisms in Unfixed State (P)
- Bacterial Shapes and Movement (Labster Lab Manual | P)
- Bacterial Smear Preparation (P)
- Simple Staining (P)
- Gram Staining (P)
- Using the Gram Stain to Help Diagnose Meningitis (Labster Lab Manual | P)
- Acid Fast Staining (Ziehl-Neelsen Method | P)
- Structural Staining (P)
- Control of Microbial Growth (Autoclave | M)
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (Kirby-Bauer Method | M)
- Control of Microbial Growth: Explore decontamination and selective toxicity (Labster Lab Manual | M)
- Culture Media Preparation (M)
- Quantifying Bacterial Cells and Colonies (M)
- Bacterial Quantification by Culture (Labster Lab Manual | M)
- Streak Plate Method (M)
- Laboratory Procedures (Staphylococci | F)
- Streptococci (F)
- Phenotypic Detection of Bacterial Drug Resistance (M)
- Prevent the rise of superbugs! (Labster Lab Manual | M)
- Tests for Carbohydrates Fermentation (F)
- The IMVIC Tests (F)
- Identification of Unknown Bacteria: Help save baby Kuppelfangs from an epidemic! (Labster Lab Manual | F)
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Lesson 4 Assignment
Bactericide
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A substance that causes the death of bacteria
An abnormal growth of body tissue
The state of being resistant to a specific disease.
Any substance that the body regards as being foreign
A disease in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues.
A class of medication that kills or damages cells
Substances that produce allergic reactions
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IMAGES
COMMENTS
disease-causing microorganism intermediate between bacteria and viruses, carried in the tissue of arthropods (insects, etc.) transduction. the transferring of genetic material from one organism to another by means of a virus carrier. transformation. when DNA is transferred from one organism to another directly.
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?, A cell membrane, ribosomes, chromosome(s), and cytoplasm are found in _____ bacterial cells., Many bacteria function as independent _____ organisms and more. ... Microbiology assignment 2. Flashcards; Learn; Test;
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like antibiotic, carotenoid pigments, conjugation and more. ... Biology- Unit 7 Assignment 3: Viruses. 17 terms. nicole_phipps16. Preview. Microorganisms and Metabolism. 26 terms. Zaza11309. ... process by which certain bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen gas into ammonia and ...
Figure 2.2.1.1 2.2.1. 1: Ringworm presents as a raised, red ring on the skin. (credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Eukaryotic microbes are an extraordinarily diverse group, including species with a wide range of life cycles, morphological specializations, and nutritional needs.
4.3 Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria; 4.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria; 4.5 Deeply Branching Bacteria; 4.6 Archaea; Summary; Review Questions. Multiple Choice; True/False; Fill in the Blank; ... 21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes; 21.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes; 21.4 Mycoses of the Skin;
1- Myonecrosis- 2- Tetanus- 3- Botulism- 4- Psuedomembranous colitis- 5- Actinomycosis-. 1- Clostridium difficile 2- Clostridium perfringens 3- Clostridium tetani 4- Clostridium botulinum 5- Actinomyces spp. An organism that can live and grow in reduced concentrations of oxygen but prefers an anaerobic environment is known as:
Ch 2 Viruses and Bacteria (23 cards) 2013-03-13 . ch 3,4,5 (124 cards) 2010-09-23 . ch 42 (40 cards) 2017-05-08 . Chapter 21/ ... Browse or Search millions of existing flashcards Create Flashcards plus a dozen other activities
The branch of biology which studies microorganisms is microbiology. Historically, this refers to living things that are too small to see without using a microscope. Microorganisms were discovered around three hundreds years ago and include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, archaea, microscopic fungi and yeasts, and microscopic algae.
herpesviruses. a clear zone of phage infection in a becterial lawn is called a ________. plaque. Study free Biology flashcards about microbiology #2 created by valerie6195 to improve your grades. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available.
A method for differentiating types of bacteria by classifying them into two main groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple color of the crystal violet stain, while Gram-negative bacteria, after losing the violet color, are stained pink by a secondary dye, safranin.
A) Keep food at a temperature between 109 degrees F to 117 degrees F after cooking. A spore is a bacterium in a vegetative stage. B) False. Spores are easy to kill. A) False. According to the CDC podcast, researchers in London believe that if more people washed their hands, up to _____ lives could be saved every year.
Study Identification of Unknown Bacteria: Help save baby Kuppelfangs from an epidemic! (Labster Lab Manual | F) flashcards from Henrie C. Cruz's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition.
The ability to insert viral DNA sequences into the host cell genome. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association. Study Flashcards On Bacteria Flashcards at Cram.com. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want!
BIOS242, Week 3-OL. Name: Lab 3: The Gram Stain: Identify and differentiate bacteria Learning Outcomes Describe the structure of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Identify theoretical and technical aspects of the Gram staining procedure. Identify the most commonly made mistakes in Gram staining. Analyze the results of a Gram staining experiment using a light microscope.
Commensal bacteria obtain nutrients and a place to live and grow from their host. They reside on epithelial surfaces, such as the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. It is estimated that about 100,000 species of prokaryotes live in the human body and are harmless.
Diet-borne Staphylococcal aureus infection has an incubation period of 1 to 6 hours. Diagnosis You can test for gastrointestinal sickness caused by Staphylococcal aureus in food by isolating toxin-producing bacteria from the food item. Blood cultures are the best way to identify systemic illnesses. For example: Toxic shock syndrome, foodborne disease
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like how do all viruses differ from bacteria ?, A feature that may be found in viruses but never in bacteria is?, Which of the following statements about viruses is false? a. they are composed of carbohydrate-proteins complexes. b. they are used for attachment c. they bind to receptors on the host cell surface d. they are found only ...
Name the organism to which you were assigned for the Microorganism Profile Assignment and list: The organism that I was assigned was streptococcus pneumoniae. It is a gram-positive bacteria. It can cause many different diseases, but one specifically is meningitis. Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Study with Knowt flashcards for free. ... sans-serif">Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea , A system of classification grouping organisms into 3 domains based on the cellular organization of organisms was devised by and others. ... Microbiology Assignment 1 Answers. Studied by 0 people. 0.0 (0) add a rating. Learn A personalized and ...
Terms in this set (17) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence of oxygen., Ionization radiation can be used on glass syringes , plastic syringes and catheters., The chemical means of sterilization include dry heat, moist heat, radiation, and filtration and more.
Lesson 4 Assignment. Studied by 0 people. 0.0 (0)add a rating. ... A substance that causes the death of bacteria. New cards. 2. Neoplasm. An abnormal growth of body tissue. New cards. 3. ... Explore top flashcards. Plant Species (Practical 1) Flashcard 21 terms. Studied by 1 person. Updated ... ago. 5.0 Stars (1)
Beneficial: cyanobacteria- creators of the oxygen atmosphere, produce oxygen during photosynthesis, bacteria can help in digestion, produce vitamins, helps with the process of fermentation, work with the immune system to protect the body; harmful- can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants, cause infections and can be fatal.
Unformatted text preview: Week 4 Assignment 2: 61/1912022 Dichotomous Key for Gram Negative Pathogenic Bacteria Boelli legalive Amenbie Whipple Faculative Facullative Anaerobic Fusobacterium P Neisseria Veilionella Spp SPP Glucose Glucose non fermenting Permending Oxidase Oxidase Non Jackybe russlive negative fermenting Enterobacteriaceae positive On day negetwell Lactose E hor Lactose ...