extreme perception and animal intelligence summary essay

Wednesday, October 10, 2012

I can write a summary about the article “extreme perception and animal intelligence”.

No comments:

Post a comment.

• Acontecimientos Sociales
• Deporte y Educación Física
• Ecología y Medio Ambiente
• Historia Americana
• Informes de Libros
• Medicina y Salud
• Música y Cine
• Temas Variados
• Página principal
• Extreme perception and animal...

Extreme perception and animal intelligence

Enviado por Alisson Contreras   •  17 de Mayo de 2023  •  Apuntes  •  401 Palabras (2 Páginas)  •  160 Visitas

DRAFT 1 – AGRW2 / ALISSON CONTRERAS

“Extreme perception and animal intelligence”

Perception, Smell things. These two-words come to mind when we talk about animals. Specially, Forensic dogs can smell drugs and that makes them as an X-ray machine. The simple fact that they can help people thanks to a skill that they themselves develop makes them an intelligent animal. In “Extreme perception and animal intelligence”, authors Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson states animals can show intelligence as in the case of Seizure alert dogs and Clever Hans Story.

Seizure alert dogs which are responsible for helping people when they need it thanks to their excellent perception abilities. These types of dogs develop an extreme perception which can perceiving signs and act before the seizure starts. But must dogs only bring to the person their medicine or even lie on top of the person to help, which are called Seizure response dogs. On the other hand, New York time published about a woman who had a dog which can predict her seizure, and it was weird, because it is more common for a dog to help during the seizure than to predict it. Apparently, the dog was trained as a Seizure response dog, but he development of a very special intelligence.

Clever Hans was a famous german horse which could solve math problems. It’s a little strange to believe that a horse could count, but it was real, whose owner, Wilhelm von Osten asked things like “What’s five and five?” and the horse responded by making noises on the ground using its hoof.  So, he could answer mathematical problems without help. Because it was very strange that a horse was intelligent, a psychologist named Oskar, decided to investigate about it. He concluded that the horse only sees the cues of the persons. Of course, it was not totally true. Clever Hans was not trained by someone, he trained by himself, he can read a human by sings  and that is the most important thing.

In conclusion, we don´t really know about how they can do it, but it is true that they show intelligence in different cases. Both developed a superior intelligence for themselves, guiding through stimuli and responding to it. Undoubtedly, the intelligence of these 2 animals is very high. No other animal could develop and ability capable of predicting an event such as a seizure or count and solve math problems.  

My Writting Blog

Viernes, 12 de octubre de 2012, i can write a summary about "extreme perception and animal intelligence".

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario.

Home → Environment → Animals

Pigs Are Smarter Than Dogs — So Why Do We Treat Them So Differently?

Every piece of bacon comes from a unique personality.

Pigs are fascinating animals. Science shows they can solve challenging problems, love to play, display wide-ranging emotions, and have unique personalities. In short, they are both intelligent and sentient—capable of feeling. It’s clear that it is illogical and immoral to treat pigs as mere objects.

In 2015, I  reviewed  an essay notable for its summary and distillation of research on sentience in pigs. Compiled by researchers Lori Marino and Christina M. Colvin and published in the International Journal of Comparative Psychology, “ Thinking Pigs: A Comparative Review of Cognition, Emotion, and Personality in  Sus domesticus ” unearthed some interesting findings.

The main aims of the paper were to present pig psychology separate from its role in agriculture and pinpoint critical areas for further exploration. To accomplish these aims, “Thinking Pigs” considered various topics, including domestication, sensory abilities, learning skills, time perception, spatial learning and memory, novelty seeking, social cognition and complexity, self-awareness, personality, curiosity, and play.

“Pigs display consistent behavioral and emotional characteristics that have been described variously as personality… [:] coping styles, response types, temperament, and behavioral tendencies,” the researchers  concluded . Advocating for greater respect and understanding of pigs’ complex mental capacities, the authors called for a shift in how humans perceive and interact with them.

The Cognitive Lives of Pigs

Since “Thinking Pigs” was published, many other studies have shown that pigs possess cognitive abilities widely accepted as indicating “human-like” intelligence. For example, a 2023 explainer by Rachel Graham for Sentient Media titled “ Pigs Are Intelligent and Clean Animals, Actually ” cites several studies revealing pigs to be even more sociable and intelligent than was previously known.

Pigs  use tools  in different situations and have been seen using sticks to dig and build a nest. Like primates (including humans), wolves, and birds, pigs employ third-party mediation, adopting a “ triadic contact ” strategy to resolve group disputes.

Significantly, a 2009  study  showed that pigs could interpret a mirror image to find a food bowl and demonstrated a marked interest in their reflections. This is notable because the mirror or  mirror self-recognition (MSR) test  has long been used to measure self-recognition and cognitive self-awareness in nonhuman animals. Very few species have demonstrated these behaviors: great apes, bottlenose dolphins, orcas, manta rays, Eurasian magpies, domestic pigeons, and cleaner wrasses.

In 2021, scientists  reported  seeing and recording a female wild sow successfully figuring out how to rescue two young wild boars from a trap, demonstrating remarkable problem-solving skills.

The Emotional Lives of Pigs

While referring to the emotional lives of pigs, the authors of “Thinking Pigs”  noted , “Some of the more interesting studies demonstrating emotional contagion in pigs involve responses to other pigs’ anticipation of positive or negative events, revealing the importance of social factors in emotion.”

In  one study  (Reimert, Bolhuis, Kemp, and Rodenburg, 2013), naive test pigs were exposed to pen mates trained to anticipate upcoming rewarding events (receiving straw and chocolate raisins) or aversive events (social isolation). When the naive pigs were placed in the company of the trained pigs, they adopted the same emotional anticipatory behaviors (for example, ear and tail postures and increased cortisol release) as the trained pigs with the direct experience. These findings show that not only can pigs connect with the emotions of other pigs but they can also adopt the behaviors of their pen mates, who respond emotionally in anticipation of future events.

The rescue incident mentioned above, where a wild sow was filmed saving the young from a trap, suggests the species’ capacity for deep emotion. During the rescue effort, she exhibited  piloerection  (bristles on her back standing up), which is typically a sign of distress and indicates an empathetic emotional state.

Does It Matter If Pigs Are Smarter Than Dogs?

I came across a 2013 article by David Crary in the Associated Press titled “ Pigs Smart as Dogs? Activists Pose the Question .” As a scientist who has studied the cognitive and emotional capacities of a variety of nonhuman animals and as an adviser to  The Someone Project —an initiative by the nonprofit Farm Sanctuary “documenting farm animal sentience through science”—I have addressed some of the points raised in the article using solid scientific research as a foundation.

First, as I have noted in several reports (for example, in an article “ Dogs Are Brainier Than Cats, But Are They Really Smarter? ” and in another titled, “ Do ‘Smarter’ Dogs Really Suffer More than ‘Dumber’ Mice? ”), as a biologist, I don’t consider questions comparing the intelligence of different species helpful. In fact, they can be very misleading.

The same applies to how “emotionally complex” or “emotionally sophisticated” one species is relative to another. Comparing members of the same species might help understand how individuals learn social skills or the speed at which they learn different tasks. However, comparing dogs to cats or pigs doesn’t provide any relevant information.

Another reason these cross-species comparisons are relatively meaningless and lead to a slippery slope is that some people use this to justify subjecting the less intelligent animals to all sorts of invasive and abusive conditions based on the assumption that they suffer less compared to animals with higher intelligence. There is no sound scientific reason to make this claim;  the opposite might be true .

All mammals are sentient beings who share the same neural architecture underlying their emotional lives and experience a broad spectrum of emotions, including the capacity to feel pain and suffer. All one has to do is look at available scientific literature to see that millions upon millions of mice and other rodents are used in various studies to learn more about human pain. Yet, even though we know that mice, rats, and chickens display empathy and are very smart and emotional,  they are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act .

Lori Marino,  founder of the Kimmela Center , who also works on  The Someone Project , said it well: “The point is not to rank these animals but to reeducate people about  who  they are. They are very sophisticated animals.” I’ve emphasized the word  who  because these animals are sentient beings, and while making food choices, we must consider  who  we eat, not what we eat .

Should an Animal’s Intelligence Save Them From Being Eaten?

A 2014 paper titled “ The Psychology of Eating Animals ” addressed what authors Steve Loughnan, Brock Bastian, and Nick Haslam called the “meat paradox”: the baffling fact that most people eat and simultaneously care about animals. This study showed that “when there is a conflict between their preferred way of thinking and their preferred way of acting, it is their thoughts and moral standards that people abandon first—rather than changing their behavior.”

In other words, people who wish to escape the “meat paradox” simply decide to deny that the animal they are eating can suffer. Perceiving nonhuman animals as highly dissimilar to humans and lacking mental attributes, such as the capacity for pain, also helps ease the conscience.

Similarly, researchers conducted three studies exploring the relationship between an animal’s perceived intelligence and participants’ views of their moral standing. The researchers hypothesized that participants would be more willing to consider intelligence morally significant for animals they did not view as a food source. They concluded that arguments about animals’ intelligence were generally not persuasive when participants had already “categorized” the animal as food.

That said, discussions about the comparative intelligence of nonhumans may still persuade a small number of people to avoid consuming animals. For example, after starring in the 1995 movie  Babe , whose character won a piglet at a county fair, the actor James Oliver Cromwell became vegan and a strong advocate for pigs. He said in a statement, “Having had the privilege of witnessing and experiencing pigs’ intelligence and inquisitive personalities while filming the movie ‘ Babe ’ changed my way of life and my way of eating,” according to a 2023 Variety  article . I call bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwiches,  Babe, lettuce, and tomato sandwiches .

Referring to the Intelligence or Emotional Lives of Animals Is Not ‘Humanizing’ Them

There are some people who, meanwhile, disagree and oppose the work done through  The Someone Project . For example, David Warner of the  National Pork Producers Council  claimed, “While animals raised for food do have a certain degree of intelligence, Farm Sanctuary is trying to humanize them to advance their vegan agenda—an end to meat consumption,” stated Crary’s  article .

While many advocates and organizations are working to ensure people drastically reduce their meat consumption and move toward a vegetarian or vegan diet, pointing to the intelligence of animals or their deep emotional lives is  not  done to “humanize” them but to highlight the attributes they already possess.

Indeed, when we pay attention to solid evolutionary theory, namely  Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolutionary continuity , we see that humans are  not  the only intelligent, sentient, and emotional beings. It’s bad biology to rob nonhumans of their cognitive and emotional capacities. We’re  not inserting “something human”  into these animals they don’t possess; we’re identifying commonalities and then using human language to communicate what we observe.

In 2012, the  Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness , underwritten by world-renowned scientists, made a similar observation when it noted that available scientific data clearly showed that all mammals, and some other animals, are fully conscious beings.

In April 2024, a group of top scientists went one step further and signed  The New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness , which confirms there is “‘strong scientific support’ that birds and mammals have conscious experience, and a ‘realistic possibility’ of consciousness for all vertebrates—including reptiles, amphibians, and fish,” stated NBC News.

Now is the time to shelve outdated and unsupported ideas about animal sentience and factor sentience into all the innumerable ways we encounter nonhuman animals. When these declarations were made public, there was a lot of pomp and media coverage. Such fanfare is not required. Our new relationship with animals needs to be a deep, personal, and inspirational journey that comes from our hearts and has a substantial and rapidly growing evidence-based foundation.

Much research on pigs centers on their welfare because pigs are used globally for food and are horrifically abused. As I noted in a  review ,  Jessica Pierce  and I coined the word “welfarish” to emphasize how attempts to improve an animal’s life who is abused for human ends are only “sort of okay” in very few instances. In fact, they are far from okay in countless situations. The humane-washing welfarist and apologist Dr.  Temple Grandin  thinks it’s perfectly okay to eat other animals as long as we give them a good death. Her standards of what is a good life for so-called “food animals”  fall very short of anything respectable and compassionate . Her so-called “stairway to heaven” is actually a stairway to deep and unimaginable physical and psychological pain leading to an undignified and violent death—a veritable “ stairway to hell .”

A more straightforward way to fulfill our ethical obligations would be to stop factory farming immediately and allow those animals who find themselves in these horrific places to have a good life. Indeed, as people realize they are eating animals suffering from a lot of pain, non-animal meals will likely become more common.

Who we eat is on the minds of many people, and the conclusion of a 2013 article by Nicholas Kristof called “ Can We See Our Hypocrisy to Animals? ” in the New York Times provides some valuable insights regarding this. Kristof writes, “May our descendants, when, in the future, they reflect uncomprehendingly on our abuse of hens and orcas, appreciate that we are good and decent people moving in the right direction and show some compassion for our obliviousness.”

Earth | Food | Life , a project of the Independent Media Institute, adapted and produced this article based on two by the author initially appearing on Psychology Today, found  here  and  here , with the author’s permission.

Was this helpful?

Related posts.

• Quantum Yin-Yang? Scientists visualize quantum entanglement of photons for the first time
• That time astronauts on the International Space Station printed beef in space
• Renewable material made from crab shells and trees could replace plastic film packaging
• Is Megalodon alive? How we know the biggest shark is extinct

Recent news

Astronomers may have finally solved the mystery of the “Wow! signal” — the closest we’ve ever come to finding extraterrestrial life

New Experiment Could Solve One of Physics’ Biggest Mysteries: The Graviton

Your spreadsheets probably suck — 94% of business spreadsheets have errors in them

• Editorial Policy
• Privacy Policy and Terms of Use
• How we review products

© 2007-2023 ZME Science - Not exactly rocket science. All Rights Reserved.

• Science News
• Environment
• Natural Sciences
• Matter and Energy
• Quantum Mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Periodic Table
• Applied Chemistry
• Physical Chemistry
• Biochemistry
• Microbiology
• Plants and Fungi
• Planet Earth
• Earth Dynamics
• Rocks and Minerals
• Invertebrates
• Conservation
• Animal facts
• Climate change
• Weather and atmosphere
• Diseases and Conditions
• Mind and Brain
• Food and Nutrition
• Anthropology
• Archaeology
• The Solar System
• Asteroids, meteors & comets
• Astrophysics
• Exoplanets & Alien Life
• Spaceflight and Exploration
• Computer Science & IT
• Engineering
• Sustainability
• Renewable Energy
• Green Living
• Editorial policy
• Privacy Policy

My Writing Blog

Wednesday, october 10, 2012, i can write a summary about animal intelligence.

No comments:

Post a comment.

my writing blog Aldo Fuentes R

Miércoles, 10 de octubre de 2012, i can write a summary about extreme perception and animal intelligence..

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario.

Thesis writer

Monday, September 30, 2019

Extreme perception and animal intelligence, no comments:, post a comment.

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.