social psychology essay example

15 Social Psychology Examples

Gregory Paul C. (MA)

Gregory Paul C. is a licensed social studies educator, and has been teaching the social sciences in some capacity for 13 years. He currently works at university in an international liberal arts department teaching cross-cultural studies in the Chuugoku Region of Japan. Additionally, he manages semester study abroad programs for Japanese students, and prepares them for the challenges they may face living in various countries short term.

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Traced back to the late 19th and early 20th century, social psychology is a field of empirical science that attempts to answer questions about human behavior and how it is affected by social interaction.

The focus is to identify thoughts, feelings, mental states, and behaviors, and explain how they both influence and are influenced in social situations and interactions between people.

Examples of social psychology include studies of group behavior (e.g. the Stanford prison experiment) , delayed gratification (e.g. the Marshmallow test), and the role of observation in learning (e.g. Bandura’s social learning theory).

Social Psychology Definition and Overview

Social psychology explores how humans are fundamentally social beings. It explores how sociality affects our behaviors and values.

As Goethals (2007) explains:

“Basic questions about social behavior go back to the ancients. Are men and women capable of governing themselves? Is their behavior governed by internal dispositions or the requirements of society and culture? Should we be optimistic or pessimistic about human potential and human performance? Are people rational or irrational? What hope is there for independent thought and action in the face of group pressures?” (p. 19)

While these are only a handful of questions that social psychologists have sought to study throughout the last 100 years, the relatively young scientific field contains multitudes of scientists who can be credited. Some key founders included:

Norman Triplett (1861-1934): Triplett has been said by some to be a point of reference for the birth of social psychology. His work in 1895 included hist studies of human competitiveness. He noticed that the presence of other people (in this case, sport cycling) enhanced the performance of competitors greatly.
Floyd Allport (1980-1979): Allport is also credited with advancing studies in behaviorism . He explored methods of stimulus and response in data collection.
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) Lewin is acclaimed as the father of action research. He developed equations to explain human behavior. His method of linking theory with concrete data advanced research on group norms in various social systems (Goethals, 2007, pp. 3-9).

Key Theories in Social Psychology

Theory	Description	Key Theorists
	The social identity theory explains how people develop their identities. Its main argument is that people develop their identity through interaction with society. We attach our identity to groups linked to categories such as religion, sport, nation, and ethnic affiliations. We may also conduct our identities in opposition to people in our out-groups (Brown, 2000; Tajfel & Turner, 1986).	Henri Tajfel and John Turner
	Social learning theory states that people can learn by observing others and can therefore learn through . It demonstrates how modeling, demonstrating, and being a role-model are vital in both the parenting and educational processes.	Albert Bandura, Barbara Rogoff
Theory	People experience discomfort and confusion when confronted with conflicting beliefs or attitudes that both make sense. They seek to reduce this discomfort by changing their beliefs, justifying their behavior, or adding new beliefs that reconcile the conflict in processes called and to achieve cognitive equilibrium (see more: ).	Leon Festinger, Jean Piaget
	Social exchange theory is a cold analysis of relationships that postulates that people form a relationship through . According to the theory, self-interested actors connect with other self-interested actors to reach individual goals that they can not attain on their own.	George Homans, Peter Blau
Self-perception Theory	Self-perception theory holds that people observe themselves and people’s reactions to them in order to achieve self-development. The theory emphasizes the role of self-observation in shaping one’s self-concept and behavior.	Daryl Bem

Additional theories:

Self-determination theory
Learned helplessness theory
Locus of control theory
Labeling theory of deviance
Cultural deviance theory
Attribution theory
Schemata theory
Social exchange theory
Social penetration theory

Examples of Social Psychology

1. the stanford prison experiment.

Conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment was a shocking reveal of how humans can be cruel to other humans when placed in positions of power.

The study examined how the research participants (who were university students) adapted to roles of power and powerlessness within a simulated prison environment.

Despite knowing they were randomly assigned positions, the people assigned to the prison guard positions became increasingly cruel to the participants assigned prisoner roles.

2. The Milgram Experiment

The Milgram experiment was an experiment that measured the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to do immoral things. For this experiment, it was electric shocks.

The research participants were told that they were participating in a study on learning and memory. They were asked to play the role of a “teacher” who was supposed to administer an electric shock to a “learner” every time the learner made a mistake in a memory test. They weren’t actually shocking anyone – the people being shocked were actors.

During the study, the “learner” began to protest and show signs of distress while the authority figure (the experimenter) encouraged the participants to continue with the shocks. Milgram found that most participants continued to obey the experimenter and administer the shocks.

This study not only raised ethical concerns in psychological research (i.e. for the flaws in their research participant debriefing ), it also makes us think deeply about the nature of the human condition and why dictators manage to convince entire armies to fight for immoral causes.

3. Asch Conformity Experiments

Conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s, this experiment studied how people conform to group norms, even if they personally believe the group norm is wrong.

In this experiment, a group of participants were shown three numbered lines of different lengths and asked to identify the longest of them all. However, only one true participant was present in every group and the rest were actors, most of whom told the wrong answer.

Results showed that the participants went for the wrong answer, even though they knew which line was the longest one in the first place. When the participants were asked why they identified the wrong one, they said that they didn’t want to be branded as strange or peculiar.

This study goes to show that there are situations in life when people prefer fitting in than being right.

4. Robbers Cave Experiment

The Robbers Cave experiment (1945) investigated intergroup conflict and cooperation between two groups of boys at a summer camp.

The researchers formed two groups of 11-year-old boys who did not know each other and had similar backgrounds. The groups were kept separate. Then, two situations were set up:

A competitive situation was set up whereby the researchers introduced competitions such as baseball, tug-of-war, and treasure hunts. In this phase, the groups developed in-group and out-group mentalities, even to the point of verbally and physically attacking members of the other group.
A cooperative situation was also set up whereby both groups were required to work together to achieve a common goal (an example is fixing a water supply problem). During this phase, the boys began to develop friendships across group boundaries.

The Robbers Cave experiment introduced a few key insights. One was that intergroup conflict arises even among relatively heterogenous groups. Another was that cooperation and shared goals can help reduce group prejudice.

5. The Kitty Genovese Case

The Kitty Genovese Case is a phenomenon where individuals tend not to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present.

Kitty Genovese was murdered in the neighborhood of Kew Gardens, New York in 1694. Despite there being up to 38 witnesses and onlookers in the vicinity of the crime scene, none of them took action to stop the murder or seek help.

This tragic event served as a catalyst for social psychologists Bibb Latane and John Darley to formulate the social psychology concept of bystander effect or bystander apathy. They conducted an experimental study to test bystander intervention, asking participants to complete a questionnaire inside a room with smoke coming out from under the door.

Participants were either alone or with two other participants who were actually actors or confederates in the study.

The study found that participants who were alone in the room reported the smoke faster than those who were with two passive others, suggesting that the more bystanders present in an emergency situation, the less likely someone will step up to help.

6. The Marshmallow Test

Conducted by Walter Mischel in the 1960s, the marshmallow experiment examined children’s ability to delay gratification.

The test involved presenting a marshmallow to children aged 4-6 and asking them to wait for 15 minutes before eating it to receive a second marshmallow.

Roughly one-third of the 600 participants managed to delay gratification and were later found to have more success in life, including higher SAT scores, supporting the self-control theory.

However, a 2018 replication study by Tyler Watts and colleagues, which had a larger group of participants (900) and a more diverse representation of the population in terms of race and ethnicity, challenged the classic marshmallow experiment. The study found that the ability to wait for the second marshmallow was influenced more by the economic background and social status of the participants rather than just their willpower.

7. The Blue-eyed/Brown-eyed Exercise

Conducted by Jane Elliott in the 1960s, this experiment examined how people respond to discrimination and prejudice .

Third-grade teacher Jane Elliott conducted an experiment in her class. The experiment involved dividing the class into two groups, the blue-eyed children and the brown-eyed children.

For a day, Elliott gave preferential treatment to the blue-eyed students, showering them with extra attention and rewards. The next day, the brown-eyed children were given the same treatment.

The outcome of the experiment was that whichever group received preferential treatment scored higher on quizzes and participated more frequently in class, while the group that was discriminated against felt humiliated, performed poorly on tests, and became uncertain when answering questions in class.

This experiment shows how prejudice and mistreatment causes damage to people’s self-confidence and ability to contribute to social situations.

8. The Bobo Doll Experiment

Conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961, this experiment studied how children learn through observation and imitation.

In the Bobo Doll Experiment, children were divided into three groups:

The first group was shown a video where an adult was aggressive toward the Bobo Doll.
The second group was shown a video in which an adult play with the Bobo Doll.
The third group served as the control group where no video was shown.

The children were then led to a room with different kinds of toys, including the Bobo Doll that they saw in the video.

Results showed that the children tend to imitate the adults in whichever video they watched:

Children who were presented the aggressive model in the video acted aggressively toward the Bobo Doll.
Children who were presented the passive model showed less aggression.

While the Bobo Doll Experiment can no longer be replicated because of ethical concerns, it has laid out the foundations of social learning theory and helped us understand the concept of observational learning .

9. The False Consensus Effect

This phenomenon studied by social psychologists refers to the tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others share their beliefs and behaviors.

This leads us to spout our own views in social situations expecting others to agree with us when, in reality, they are probably less likely to agree than we think.

There are many social psychology studies into the false consensus effect . One example is a study by Alicke and Largo (1995) where participants were asked to rate their own attitudes and the attitudes of others towards various issues, such as the death penalty.

he researchers found that participants consistently overestimated the extent to which others agreed with their own attitudes.

10. The Halo Effect

The Halo Effect illustrates how a positive perception of one attribute of a person can spill over to other attributes.

In product ads, for example, attractive celebrities are often viewed as intelligent and knowledgeable about the product, despite not having the technical expertise.

Edward Thorndike first introduced the concept of the Halo Effect in a classic study in the early 1900s. He asked military commanders to evaluate their subordinates based on various traits, such as intelligence, dependability, leadership, and physical appearance.

The results showed that high ratings of a particular trait led to high ratings of other traits, creating an overall positive impression or “halo effect.” Conversely, a negative rating in one trait was linked to negative ratings in other traits.

Subsequent experiments on the Halo Effect have supported Thorndike’s original theory, revealing that our perception of a person’s overall personality is significantly influenced by the trait we focus on.

See more famous experiments in psychology

Social Psychology - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Social psychology studies how individuals are affected by others and the social environment. Essays on this topic could delve into the myriad theories and principles of social psychology, exploring topics like social influence, social perception, social interactions, and social identity. They might also discuss the application of social psychology in addressing real-world issues like prejudice, aggression, or prosocial behavior, and the role it plays in various societal phenomena. A substantial compilation of free essay instances related to Social Psychology you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

The Spotlight Effect: Understanding our Overestimated Visibility in Social Psychology

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Social Psychology in ‘Ali: Fear Eats the Soul’: Analyzing Prejudice and Human Interaction

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Thesis Statement about Teenage Pregnancy

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Social Psychology Loafing Effect: why we Slack off in Groups

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Social Psychology of Food Consumption, Health Sciences and Consumer Behavior

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Positive Effects of Peer Pressure

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The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy and their Development of Self-Concept

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Why Introverts Make Good Leaders

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“The Painted Door” by Sinclair Ross (Isolation)

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Social Psychology Essay Examples & Topics

Adolescence
Childhood Trauma
Children Observation
Cognitive Psychology
Communication
Criminal Psychology
Critical Thinking
Growth Mindset
Human Development
Human Nature
Inspiration
Interpersonal Communication
Metacognition
Nonverbal Communication
Personality
Psychoanalysis
Self Assessment
Self Concept
Self Esteem
Socialization
Stereotypes

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1. Introduction The decline of the traditional family has, in recent decades, been a growth industry for social commentary in highly diverse ideological forms. Despite the variety of aims, themes, and emphases in this genre, several themes recur. There is general agreement that individualism, secularism, and capitalism have eroded the family as a social institution. Nostalgia is frequently predominant: there is regret about more obviously functional roles for men and women and less ambiguous au ...

El impacto del aumento en el número de usuarios de redes sociales en la sociedad moderna

1. Introducción La presente monografía tiene por objetivo analizar el aumento de usuarios de las redes sociales y su impacto en la sociedad moderna. Para comprender mejor esta problemática, se identificarán y describirán las características y funcionalidades de estas herramientas digitales, y luego se ahondará en el impacto que su aumento en el número de usuarios genera en la sociedad de hoy. El trabajo, indudablemente desarrollado con el aporte de una gran variedad de recursos y referencias, s ...

The Impact of Various Syndromes on Mental Health and Social Integration

1. Introduction Learning and using daily skills is a necessary condition for people with mental disabilities to live like others. In addition to mental disability, people with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by chromosome mis-type or deletion, face a variety of unique challenges. People with Down syndrome face similar cognitive impairments and some coexisting diseases, with mental disabilities and health as the focus of their lives. Although people with Down syndrome themselves possess ...

El impacto de los videojuegos en el desarrollo cognitivo y social de los jóvenes

1. Introducción Según datos de la última encuesta del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2016), el 75% de los hogares con hijos de entre 10 y 15 años tienen videoconsolas: el 23,4% con una y el 51,6% con más de una. Sin embargo, la gran mayoría de los padres desearían que sus hijos destinaran más tiempo a otras actividades, como el estudio (17,1%) o el deporte (84,4%) y consideran que sus hijos dedican demasiado tiempo a los videojuegos (33,8%) o que lo hacen en exceso (21,1%). Respecto a ...

El impacto de las redes sociales en el desarrollo emocional durante la infancia y adolescencia

1. Introducción Las redes sociales (RRSS) en Brasil, y estos, a su vez, participan no sólo en alianzas con los poderes públicos sino, en muchos casos, con los privados y con la sociedad civil más amplia, permitiendo valorar cómo los conflictos políticos en un nivel más amplio se extendían a la política comunicacional en general. Parece claro que en muchas instituciones de la región, la cuestión de los conflictos políticos implicaba a menudo situaciones de desuniones entre la política científica ...

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Social Psychology Essay Examples

Ethics and obedience: the significance of the milgram experiment.

The Milgram Experiment, conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram in the early 1960s, is one of the most famous and controversial studies in the history of psychology. The experiment sought to investigate the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures, even when instructed to perform...

Pros and Cons of the Milgram Experiment on Obedience to Authority

The Milgram Experiment, conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram in the early 1960s, is a groundbreaking study that investigated human behavior regarding obedience to authority. It has been widely recognized as one of the most significant experiments in psychology, shedding light on the powerful influence authority...

Ethical Considerations of the Milgram Experiment

The Milgram Experiment, a pivotal study conducted by Stanley Milgram in the early 1960s, continues to spark ethical debates and discussions in the field of psychology. The experiment aimed to investigate the extent of human obedience to authority figures and shed light on the factors...

Importance of Globalization in Engaging Community Psychology

Why it is important to learn international context? According to the book of introduction to community of psychology, international work can sharpen a person’s community psychology skill and globalization can help address the root causes of local social problem. Therefore, globalization is the factor that...

Social Penetration Theory: the Development of Intimate Relationships

Social penetration theory is a theory in social psychology that explains how interpersonal relationships develop and deepen over time. The theory was developed by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in the 1970s. The social penetration theory, as we can see in the essay, essay is...

A Class Divided: Social Change and Prejudice in the Classroom

In the work “Social Change: A Class Divided Summary Essay” we research the summary of A Class Divided and how society reacts to different domination aspects. On a Class Divided, we are able to witness how malleable the mind of a child is, and how...

The Correlation Between Branding Products and Gift Purchasing

A brand is one of the most distinguishing features of any product and many companies are aimed at strengthening their brand names to create higher brand recognition and customer loyalty. The question is: does brand name have an impact on consumer behavior in purchasing products...

The Bystander Apathy: Why Bystanders Don’t Intervene

Imagine that you are about to cross the street, an old man in front of you suddenly starts to cross the road without checking the crossing lights. Then you see a massive truck heading in the direction of the old man. He continues to walk...

Genocide Witnesses and the Bystander Effect

'Today, people don't talk anymore about the mass murder of six million human beings' (Wiesenthal 156). Even though this statement refers to the Holocaust, it applies to various genocides that have occurred throughout history. No matter the place or time, the same reaction happens as...

Nationalism in Australia: Sense of Cultural Identity

January 1st 1901 was a date etched in Australian history. The British Parliament approved legislation that would allow for six Australian colonies to be able to govern in their own right as part of the Commonwealth of Australia. There were three main reasons why people...

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