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12 Types of Welding Processes & Their Uses [Full Guide] PDF

What is welding, welding machine.

A welding machine is used to create the heat and apply the filler metal. The filler metal is supplied to form the joint, either from the electrode itself (or) by filler material. The temperature of the heat produced is of the order of 6000° to 7000°c. So, let’s discuss the different types of welding processes and how they are used in Industries.

Types of Welding Processes

#1 mig welding, #2 tig welding, #3 shielded metal arc welding (smaw), #4 flux cored arc welding (fcaw), #5 plasma arc welding (paw), #6 electron beam welding (ebw), #7 laser beam welding (lbw), #8 gas welding, #9 atomic hydrogen welding, #10 electroslag welding.

Read Also: What are the Different Types of Welding Joints? (Explained in Detail)

#11 Resistance Welding

Resistance welding is the process of joining metal in which pressure and current are passed over a long period through the metal area to be joined. It is known to be an efficient welding process as it is pollution free with minimum power consumption.

#12 Thermit Welding

Read Also: Different Types of Screwdrivers with Their Uses [Full Guide]

Advantages of Welding Process

Disadvantages of welding process, applications of welding.

The application of welding is so different and significant that it would be no exaggeration to say that there is no metal industry and no branch of engineering that does not use welding in one form or another, namely the automobile industry, ships, aerospace, and construction. It is majorly used for fabrication.

Wrapping It Up

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Welding is a fabrication process that joins two or more metals using heat, pressure, or both to form a strong, permanent bond. Weldable materials generally include metals and thermoplastics, but welding other materials like wood are also possible.

Modern welding was pioneered in 1800 when Sir Humphry Davy struck an electric arc using a battery and two carbon electrodes. Since then, welding has developed into highly versatile forms, paving the way for its use in a variety of applications, from small DIY projects to large-scale manufacturing assemblies.

Different welding processes are a staple in most industry sectors and thus, let’s understand how these work and the principles behind them.

How Does Welding Work?

Welding is a high-heat process that melts the base materials. This is also the main differentiating factor from soldering and brazing where only the filler material is melted and no fusion between the parent materials occurs.

Welding works by joining two or more workpieces together at high temperatures. The heat causes a weld pool of molten material which after undergoing cooling, solidifies as one piece, forming a weld. The weld can even be stronger than the parent metals.

There are many different types of welding but all of them involve heat or pressure to melt the metals to create welded joints . The source of heat or pressure may vary depending on the application and the material used.

Metals are known as the most commonly welded materials, given their easy and straightforward welding principles. Plastic welding is also quite widespread but welding wood is just in its nascent phase.

The welding process is influenced by many factors, such as the need for specific additional tools, shielding gases, welding electrodes and filler material. Let’s have a closer look at some of the most common welding methods used today and find out what makes each of them unique.

Different Welding Types

Although the fundamental concept of welding is rather simple, we categorise them by the energy source used. As we break these subcategories down even further, we can dive deeper into the operating principles behind each separate method.

Arc Welding

Arc welding includes some of the most well-known welding processes and these are most likely what come to mind when visualising the welding process in general. In these processes, an electric arc generates heat between the electrode and the metal to be welded. The electrode may be consumable or non-consumable, and its power source can vary from alternating (AC) to direct current (DC).

MIG/MAG Welding

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) , also known as MIG/MAG welding (metal inert gas/metal active gas), uses a continuous wire electrode fed through a welding gun. As the electric arc melts the electrode wire it is then fused along with the base metals in the weld pool.

Shielding gas is simultaneously supplied to the weld area to create a protective layer from atmospheric contamination.

The simplicity of this welding technique allows it to be one of the preferred choices for industrial welding, manufacturing, construction and for the automotive sector. GMAW has pretty much replaced atomic hydrogen welding (AHW) , mainly because of the availability of inexpensive inert gases.

TIG Welding

Tungsten inert gas welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and an inert shielding gas. In contrast to MIG/MAG welding , using separate filler metal in TIG welds is optional and depends on the project.

The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process creates accurate and high-quality welds with great penetration making it suitable for several applications, such as aerospace and automotive industries. While TIG welding has a steeper learning curve than MIG welding, the many adjustable features and functions of a TIG welder make it a very versatile process.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) also known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW/MMA) or just stick welding, uses a consumable flux-coated metal electrode to join metals.

As we strike the electrode with the base metal, it creates an arc that melts down the materials in the weld pool. The flux releases a shielding gas to protect the weld metal from contamination. Slag deposits are removed after the cooling process using common shop tools such as a wire brush.

SMAW is a reliable welding process that offers versatility in welding different metals and various conditions. It’s also portable and lightweight, with no need for a gas tank as with some of the other welding methods mentioned previously. The welding electrode comes as a welding rod, making it perfect for tight spaces and awkward welding positions.

Flux-Cored Arc Welding

Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) is an automatic or semiautomatic process that uses a welding electrode that contains a flux core that acts as a shielding agent. Additional protection from contaminants is called dual-shielded FCAW, wherein a shielding gas is used along with the flux-cored electrode.

FCAW is well-suited for ferrous metals and operations requiring little pre-cleaning. It is best used for repairs, pipes, shipbuilding, outdoor and underwater welding because of its incredible protection from external conditions.

Although FCAW and GMAW are two separate welding types, the only major difference lies in shielding the weld zone using electrodes and shielding gases.

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Gas Welding

Gas welding , or oxy-fuel welding, is one of the oldest forms of heat-based welding that uses oxygen and fuel gases to join metal surfaces. This welding method typically uses acetylene or gasoline as its fuel gas, which makes it known as oxyacetylene, oxy-gasoline welding. Other gases, such as hydrogen and propane, can be used to braze and solder non-ferrous metals but they do not generate enough heat to melt steel.

A unique property of gas welding is that it doesn’t run on electricity, making it a viable choice if it isn’t available. This welding method allows fusion between ferrous and non-ferrous metals and allows the welding of both thin metal sections and steel plates. The process is relatively easy to learn and low-cost in nature.

The same equipment can be used for oxy-fuel cutting when adjusting the gas flow to manipulate the flame profile.

Plasma Welding

Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding works in a similar concept to TIG welding, but the torch is designed in a manner that the inert gas exits the nozzle at a higher velocity in a narrow and constricted path. Plasma is created as the arc is struck with the inert gas, ionising as it flows into the region. This leads to welding temperatures up to 28000 °C, which can melt any metal. The high operating temperatures of plasma torches (along with gas torches), enable the processes to be used for welding and cutting .

Plasma welding is one of the cleanest welding techniques since the highly concentrated heat creates a narrow bead, which results in minimal spatter . It’s perfect for applications such as aerospace manufacturing that require pinpoint precision. Plasma welding is one of the most sought automated welding processes since it operates at low running costs while providing accurate and neat welds.

Submerged Arc Welding

Submerged arc welding (SAW) works similarly to SMAW, which protects the weld metal by using flux. The welding technology behind this automatic or semiautomatic welding process uses a separate flux hopper that deposits granular filler metal to the weld.

This welding technique creates stable and clean welds, which makes it better than most conventional manual welding processes. It’s an excellent choice for metals such as nickel, steel, and stainless steel and is often used for manufacturing pipes, pressure vessels and boilers.

Resistance Welding

Resistance or pressure welding uses the application of pressure and current between two metal surfaces to create fusion. Workpieces are placed in contact together at high pressure with a current passing through the contact point. The resistance in the metals generates heat which fuses together the metal surfaces of the workpiece.

Spot Welding

Resistance spot welding (RSW) uses two electrodes to press together overlapping metals while a welding current is applied through the resistive metals. Heat is generated and the metal surfaces fuse together to create a weld joint in the shape of a button or nugget.

Metals are fused using large amounts of energy in a short time span (approx. 10-100 milliseconds) joining the workpieces almost instantaneously. The area around the weld nugget stays unharmed by the excessive heat, thus the heat-affected zone is minimal with spot welding.

Spot welding is most often automated by using welding robots. This makes it one of the most efficient welding methods used in assembly lines and thus an attractive choice for the automotive, electronics and manufacturing industries.

Seam Welding

Seam welding is a subcategory of spot welding that uses two electrode wheels to apply pressure while current is applied through the workpiece. The welding machine can create individual weld nuggets to the workpiece by applying current at intervals, or it can be continuous, depending on the project.

The joints created by resistance seam welding are tight and the process is incredibly fast and clean, making it an ideal choice for automated welding. The sheet metal industry uses seam welding to manufacture tin cans, radiators and steel drums.

Laser Welding

Laser Beam Welding

Laser beam welding (LBW) uses, as the name suggests, a laser beam as a concentrated heat source to melt metals and create welds. LBW’s high power density results in small heat-affected zones. The spot size of the laser ranges from 0.2 to 13 mm which makes it suitable for welding materials with varying thicknesses, generating a better result than conventional welding process.

Laser welding rapidly creates high-quality welds under fine tolerances . The process is generally automated and is used by the automotive, medical and jewellery industries.

Although one might think that since oxy-fuel and plasma torches can be used for both welding and cutting, this applies to laser torches as well but this is generally not the case. A standard laser cutting head cannot be used for welding and a laser welding head cannot meet the cutting speeds and quality demanded in most industrial applications.

Electron Beam Welding

Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process where electrons generated by an electron gun are accelerated to high speeds. The electron beam creates kinetic heat as it contacts the base metals, causing them to melt and form a weld pool. A weld is created as the joint cools down. This welding procedure is performed in a controlled vacuum to prevent the beams from scattering.

Electron beam welding offers precision, making it a valuable process for applications requiring minimal distortion. Some of its applications include electronic components, aircraft parts, storage tanks and bridge components. EBW allows to weld materials that are prone to contamination.

Friction Welding

Friction welding is a solid-state process that uses, as the name suggests, friction to fuse metals together. Unlike most welding processes, it doesn’t use a welding torch, welding rods or a shielding gas to create welds. The process only uses the heat generated from high rotational, vibrational or lateral contact speeds between two clean metals to create a bond. The metal residue formed during this procedure is removed after the cooling process.

The welding equipment used in friction welding is more eco-friendly than other methods as it doesn’t emit harmful welding fumes or release toxins into the atmosphere. Its simplicity makes it a great option for welding drill bits, connection rods, axle tubes and valves.

Welding Safety

All manufacturing processes come with some risks and welding is not an exception here. It is important to have the proper knowledge and welding equipment to protect yourself from any hazards. Along with practicing safety precautions, using up-to-date protective gear, such as the appropriate welding helmet, gloves, etc, is just as necessary.

Today, modern technologies are helping to improve welding safety significantly, taking workers out of harm’s way and introducing increased automation to boot. For instance, the use of industry-leading six-axis robots allows even the most complex welds to be executed without the need for a human worker to interact with tools during the operation.

Flesh and blood specialists are still an essential part of the welding process, of course. It’s just that they no longer need to get up close and personal with material or equipment to get the job done.

Wrapping Up

Welding has come a long way since its discovery in the Bronze Age when primitive forge welding methods were developed. Today, it has become an irreplaceable tool used by hobbyists and large-scale industries alike. It became one of the driving forces of industrialisation and continues to transform how things are manufactured to this day.

As welding continues to evolve, its standards and norms also improve with time. New possibilities constantly arise, allowing us to weld new material combinations while guaranteeing and improving weld strength and process safety. With the recent developments in hybrid welding, we can only expect welding technology to continue shaping the future of engineering.

Fractory offers welding services as a part of our full service – from quoting to delivery. Our network of pre-vetted manufacturing partners offers access to a wide range of processes and capabilities.

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Types of Welds and Welded Joints

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Welding Basics

Aug 26, 2014

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Welding Basics. Manufacturing Technology HPEDSB. What is Welding?. The process of joining two or more pieces of similar metals, through the application of heat and sometimes filler material. Base Metal Part 1. Base Metal Part 2. The two pieces have been joined using a Butt Joint.

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Presentation Transcript

Welding Basics Manufacturing TechnologyHPEDSB

What is Welding? The process of joining two or more pieces of similar metals, through the application of heat and sometimes filler material. Base Metal Part 1 Base Metal Part 2 The two pieces have been joined using a Butt Joint

Overview of the Weld Penetration The most important aspect of any weld is the amount of penetration or the depth that the filler material fuses into the original workpiece or parent metal.

Welding can be broken down into two sub-categories. 1. Fusion 2. Non-Fusion Any welding operation involving melting of the base or parent metal. The joining of metals without melting the base or parent metal. Each sub-category can be broken into methods of welding Gas Welding (oxy-acetylene torch) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) Brazing (oxy-acetylene torch)

Fusion Welding # 1Gas Welding Oxygen Regulator Gauges Acetylene Regulator Gauges • Uses the heat created by a flame fueled by compressed acetylene gas and accelerated by compressed oxygen • The flame is created and maintained at the end of the torch tip and varied by controlling the line pressures as well as the valves for each compressed gas • Three main flame types known as: • Carburizing – too much acetylene in the mixture • Neutral – correct mixture of acetylene and oxygen to be used for welding • Oxidizing – too much oxygen in the mixture, sometimes required for cutting Acetylene Tank Oxygen Tank Shade 5 Goggles Torch Friction Lighter

Fusion Welding # 2GMAW (MIG Welding) • Gas Metal Arc Welding • Metal Inert Gas Welding • Uses an electric arc to create heat for the welding process • Uses an automatically fed filler rod to help join the pieces of metal together • Uses shielding gas to prevent contaminants from entering the weld

Main Unit Hose for Shielding Gas Gun Ground Clamp The circuit must be completed to create an arc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The parts of a MIG gun and the weld itself Direction of travel Contact Tip (Copper) Wire Filler Rod Shielding Gas / Fumes Weld Pool Solidified Weld Parent or Base Metal

Fusion Welding # 3SMAW (Arc Welding) • Shielded Metal Arc Welding • Uses an electric arc to create the heat for the welding process • Uses a consumable electrode that provides the filler material for the weld • Electrode can be coated to provide a shielding gas when burning off during the welding process

Main Unit Electrode Holder Ground clamp The circuit must be completed to create an arc.

Arc Welding Electrodes vary in size, type, positional use and strength. The following example shows the meaning of the identifiers on a common electrode Power source (AC, DC or both), type of coating (low hydrogen, mineral, organic or rutile), type of arc (soft, medium or digging), penetration (light, medium or deep) and amount of iron powder in the coating. E 7 0 1 8 Electrode Position 1 – All 2 – Horizontal 4 - Vertical Tensile strength of weld in thousands of pounds per square inch

Fusion Welding # 4GTAW (TIG Welding) • Gas Tungsten Arc Welding • Tungsten Inert Gas Welding • Uses an electric arc to create the heat required for the welding process • Uses a torch with a tungsten electrode to produce the heat for the weld – torch also emits the shielding gas for the weld • Filler rod is fed in by hand which makes it a very controlled weld • Welding temperatures can be varied at any point during the weld via the foot pedal control

The circuit must be completed to create the arc.

Non-Fusion Welding # 1Brazing • Brazing is a method of joining metals together without fasteners or by using a fusion welding process • A filler rod (usually bronze) is heated by an oxy-acetylene torch and melts at a lower temperature than the materials being joined, therefore allowing it to flow onto the material • When the bronze cools, it dries and forms a surface bond that is quite strong • Comparable to hot glue on wood products

Welding Safety Overview • Proper eye protection must be worn at all times • Shade 10 for all Arc welding processes • Shade 5 for brazing or gas welding • Welding curtains should always surround you to protect the other people working in your immediate area • Skin protection should also be worn including: • Welding Gloves • Welding Apron or Welding Coat

Prestart Checks • Dampness or water in welding area • Leaks in gas tanks (check with soapy water) • Cable and hose condition (free of cracks, tears) • Flammable or combustible materials in area • Proper ventilation (is system turned on)

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The 9 Types of Welding Processes and Their Uses

Last Updated on Jul 17 2023

When you start learning to weld, it’s easy to be overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information available on the subject. It can be difficult to begin your welding journey without knowing about the different welding types that exist. Some are easier to learn , while others are quite difficult.

While certain types of welding processes produce clean beads that are visually appealing and require little to no cleanup, other types produce the exact opposite. What type of metal do you plan on welding? It makes a difference. To help simplify the subject, we’ve compiled important information regarding nine different types of welding processes.

The 9 Types of Welding

1. tig – gas tungsten arc welding (gtaw).

The first type of welding is TIG welding, which also goes by the names of Heliarc and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). With this type of welding, the electrode is non-consumable and made of tungsten. It is one of the few types of welding that can be done with no filler metal, using only the two metals being welded together. You can add a filler metal if you desire, but you will have to feed it by hand. A gas tank is necessary with TIG welding to provide the constant flow of gas needed to protect the weld. This means it’s generally better performed indoors and away from the elements.

TIG welding is a precise welding type that creates visually appealing welds and doesn’t require cleanup, as there is no spatter. Due to these traits, it is a difficult type of welding that is best reserved for experienced welders.

2. Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)

This type of welding is similar to MIG welding. In fact, MIG welders can often perform double duty as a FCAW welder as well. Just like in MIG welding, a wire that serves as the electrode and the filler metal is fed through your wand. This is where things begin to differ. For FCAW, the wire has a core of flux that creates a gas shield around the weld. This eliminates the need for an external gas supply.

FCAW is better suited for thicker, heavier metals, since it is a high-heat welding type. It’s often used for heavy equipment repairs for this reason. It is an efficient process that doesn’t create much waste. Since there’s no need for external gas, it’s also low cost. There will be a bit of slag left over, though, and it will need a bit of cleanup to make a beautifully finished weld.

• Related read: What is Cold Metal Transfer Welding? Understanding It Thoroughly

3. Stick – Shielded-Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

This process of welding started in the 1930s but continues to be updated and improved today. It has remained a popular type of welding because it is simple and easy to learn, as well as low cost to operate. However, it doesn’t create the neatest welds, since it splatters easily. Cleanup is usually necessary.

A replaceable electrode “stick” also serves the role of filler metal. An arc is created that connects from the end of the stick to the base metals, melting the electrode into filler metal and creating the weld. The stick is coated in flux that creates a gas cloud when heated up and protects the metal from oxidation. As it cools, the gas settles on the metal and becomes slag.

Since it doesn’t require gas, this process can be used outdoors, even in adverse weather such as rain and wind. It also works well on rusted, painted, and dirty surfaces, making it great for equipment repairs. Different types of electrodes are available and easy to swap, making it simple to weld metals of many different kinds, though it’s not great for thin metals . Stick welding is a highly skilled process with a long learning curve.

4. MIG – Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

MIG welding is a simple form of welding that can easily be performed by new welders. MIG stands for metal inert gas, though it is sometimes called gas metal arc welding (GMAW) . It is a quick process that involves the filler metal being fed through the wand, while gas is expelled around it to shield it from outside elements. This means it’s not great for outdoor use. Still, it’s a versatile process and can be used to weld many different types of metal at different thicknesses.

The filler metal is a consumable wire fed from a spool, and it acts as the electrode as well. When the arc is created from the tip of the wire to the base metal, the wire melts, becoming filler metal and creating the weld. The wire is continuously fed through the wand, allowing you to dial in your preferred speed. Done correctly, MIG welding produces a smooth and tight weld that is visually appealing.

5. Laser Beam Welding

This type of welding can be used on metals or thermoplastics. As the name implies, it involves the use of a laser as a heat source to create the welds. It can be used on carbon steels, stainless steel, HSLA steels, titanium, and aluminum. It is easily automated with robotics and is therefore used often in manufacturing, such as in the automotive industry.

6. Electron-Beam Welding

This is a type of welding where a high-velocity beam of electrons creates heat through kinetic energy, welding two materials together. This is a highly sophisticated form of welding that is performed by machine, generally in a vacuum.

• See also: Welding Symbols Chart: An Explanation of the Basics (with Pictures)

7. Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding is similar to GTAW, but it uses a smaller arc, increasing the precision of the weld. It also uses a different torch, achieving much higher temperatures. Gas is pressurized inside the wand, creating plasma. The plasma is then ionized, making it electrically conductive. This allows the arc to be created, producing incredibly high temperatures that can melt the base metals. This allows plasma arc welding to be performed with no filler metal, another similarity to TIG welding.

This type of welding allows deep weld penetration with narrow welds, producing aesthetically pleasing welds, as well as a high level of strength. On top of this, high welding speeds are also possible.

8. Atomic Hydrogen Welding

Atomic hydrogen welding is an extremely high-heat form of welding that used to be known as arc-atom welding. This type of welding involves using hydrogen gas to shield two electrodes made of tungsten. It can reach temperatures above those of an acetylene torch and can be performed with or without a filler metal. This is an older form of welding that has been replaced by MIG welding in recent years.

• See also:   What is Forge Welding? Understanding it Thoroughly

9. Electroslag

This is an advanced process of welding that is used to join the thin edge of two metal plates together vertically. Instead of the weld being applied to the outside of a joint, it will take place in between the edges of the two plates. A copper electrode wire is fed through a consumable metal guide tube that will act as filler metal. When electricity is introduced, the arc is created, and a weld begins at the bottom of the seam and is slowly moved up, creating the weld in place of the seam as it goes. This is an automated process and is performed by machine.

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Hopefully, you now have a basic understanding of the different types of welding. Some types are performed by machine and require expensive specialty equipment. Others can be performed by a hobbyist at home without breaking the bank. If you’re looking to purchase a welder, be sure to check out one of our guides comparing the best welders for home use.

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Cameron Dekker

Cameron grew up in Allentown, Pennsylvania, a once-proud steel town on the Lehigh River, where he got a taste of TIG welding in his high school shop class. He holds certificates for Certified WeldingEducator (CWE) and Certified Resistance Welding Technician (CRWT) from the American Welding Institute. His interests include scuba diving, sculpture, and kayaking.

Types of welding process with diagram and chart

What is welding.

Welding can be defined as the process of joining two or more materials together by fusing them using heat. When two parts to be joined are melted together, heat or pressure or both is applied with or without added metal for the formation of a metallic bond.

What is Need for welding?

Welding is a vital process in manufacturing. Almost all engineering materials required joining when producing machinery parts or tooling. Myriad types of welding processes are used to join different metallurgical types using various welding processes.

What are the 5 types of Weld?

There are different types of welding, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The five main types of welding are:

2. GMAW, or gas metal arc welding , uses a wire electrode that is fed through a gun. This type of welding is often used in factories because it is efficient and produces high-quality welds. MIG & MAG welding is the type of GMAW process.

3. TIG, or tungsten inert gas welding (GTAW) , uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to create a weld. TIG welding is often used for smaller projects because it produces clean and precise welds.

5. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a process that welds metals together by using an arc of electricity that is submerged under the surface of the weld puddle. SAW is a very versatile welding process and can be used to weld many different types of metals together. The process is often used in heavy-duty applications where high strength and toughness are required.

Types of Different Welding Processes

There are many types of welding techniques used to join metals. The welding processes differ in the manner in which temperature and pressure are combined and achieved and based on that types of welding are classified.

The welding process is divided into two major categories:

Figure 3 shows the classification of various welding processes as defined by the American Welding Society (AWS) .

Stick Welding (SMAW)

Stick welding is a process that uses a welding rod to create the weld. The welding rod is covered in a flux that helps protect the weld from corrosion and also helps the weld to stick to the metal. The flux also helps to create a good weld by melting into the metal and creating a strong bond.

TIG Welding (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding)

TIG welding is a welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas, usually argon.

TIG welding has many advantages over other welding processes, such as MIG welding and arc welding. TIG welding produces very clean welds with little or no slag, and the welds are very strong. TIG welding is also a very versatile process, and can be used to weld almost any type of metal. However, TIG welding is also more expensive and requires more skill than other welding processes.

MIG-MAG (Gas Metal Arc Welding)

MIG-MAG welding is one of the most popular welding processes. It is easy to learn and use, and it produces high-quality welds. MIG-MAG welding can be used for both light and heavy gauge metals.

FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding)

FCAW definition can be given as ”a variant of gas metal arc welding where the filler wire is cored (hollow wire filled with flux) as shown in the below figure. FCAW wire is filled internally with flux while MIG/MAG (GMAW) wire is solid.

SAW (Submerged Arc Welding)

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