Example: randomized controlled trial - case-control study- cohort study.
2- What is the study type (design)?
The study design of the research is fundamental to the usefulness of the study.
In a clinical paper the methodology employed to generate the results is fully explained. In general, all questions about the related clinical query, the study design, the subjects and the correlated measures to reduce bias and confounding should be adequately and thoroughly explored and answered.
Participants/Sample Population:
Researchers identify the target population they are interested in. A sample population is therefore taken and results from this sample are then generalized to the target population.
The sample should be representative of the target population from which it came. Knowing the baseline characteristics of the sample population is important because this allows researchers to see how closely the subjects match their own patients [ 4 ].
Sample size calculation (Power calculation): A trial should be large enough to have a high chance of detecting a worthwhile effect if it exists. Statisticians can work out before the trial begins how large the sample size should be in order to have a good chance of detecting a true difference between the intervention and control groups [ 5 ].
Researchers use measuring techniques and instruments that have been shown to be valid and reliable.
Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
(the extent to which the value obtained represents the object of interest.)
Reliability: In research, the term reliability means “repeatability” or “consistency”
Reliability refers to how consistent a test is on repeated measurements. It is important especially if assessments are made on different occasions and or by different examiners. Studies should state the method for assessing the reliability of any measurements taken and what the intra –examiner reliability was [ 6 ].
3-Selection issues:
The following questions should be raised:
Researchers employ a variety of techniques to make the methodology more robust, such as matching, restriction, randomization, and blinding [ 7 ].
Bias is the term used to describe an error at any stage of the study that was not due to chance. Bias leads to results in which there are a systematic deviation from the truth. As bias cannot be measured, researchers need to rely on good research design to minimize bias [ 8 ]. To minimize any bias within a study the sample population should be representative of the population. It is also imperative to consider the sample size in the study and identify if the study is adequately powered to produce statistically significant results, i.e., p-values quoted are <0.05 [ 9 ].
4-What are the outcome factors and how are they measured?
5-What are the study factors and how are they measured?
Data Analysis and Results:
- Were the tests appropriate for the data?
- Are confidence intervals or p-values given?
Confounding Factors:
A confounder has a triangular relationship with both the exposure and the outcome. However, it is not on the causal pathway. It makes it appear as if there is a direct relationship between the exposure and the outcome or it might even mask an association that would otherwise have been present [ 9 ].
6- What important potential confounders are considered?
7- What is the statistical method in the study?
Interpretation of p-value:
The p-value refers to the probability that any particular outcome would have arisen by chance. A p-value of less than 1 in 20 (p<0.05) is statistically significant.
Confidence interval:
Multiple repetition of the same trial would not yield the exact same results every time. However, on average the results would be within a certain range. A 95% confidence interval means that there is a 95% chance that the true size of effect will lie within this range.
8- Statistical results:
Are statistical tests performed and comparisons made (data searching)?
Correct statistical analysis of results is crucial to the reliability of the conclusions drawn from the research paper. Depending on the study design and sample selection method employed, observational or inferential statistical analysis may be carried out on the results of the study.
It is important to identify if this is appropriate for the study [ 9 ].
Clinical significance:
Statistical significance as shown by p-value is not the same as clinical significance. Statistical significance judges whether treatment effects are explicable as chance findings, whereas clinical significance assesses whether treatment effects are worthwhile in real life. Small improvements that are statistically significant might not result in any meaningful improvement clinically. The following questions should always be on mind:
9- What conclusions did the authors reach about the study question?
Conclusions should ensure that recommendations stated are suitable for the results attained within the capacity of the study. The authors should also concentrate on the limitations in the study and their effects on the outcomes and the proposed suggestions for future studies [ 10 ].
Do the citations follow one of the Council of Biological Editors’ (CBE) standard formats?
10- Are ethical issues considered?
If a study involves human subjects, human tissues, or animals, was approval from appropriate institutional or governmental entities obtained? [ 10 , 11 ].
Critical appraisal of RCTs: Factors to look for:
[ Table/Fig-2 ] summarizes the guidelines for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials CONSORT [ 12 ].
Summary of the CONSORT guidelines.
Title and abstract | Identification as a RCT in the title- Structured summary (trial design, methods, results, and conclusions) |
---|---|
Introduction | -Scientific background -Objectives |
Methods | -Description of trial design and important changes to methods -Eligibility criteria for participants -The interventions for each group -Completely defined and assessed primary and secondary outcome measures -How sample size was determined -Method used to generate the random allocation sequence -Mechanism used to implement the random allocation sequence -Blinding details -Statistical methods used |
Results | -Numbers of participants, losses and exclusions after randomization -Results for each group and the estimated effect size and its precision (such as 95% confidence interval) -Results of any other subgroup analyses performed |
Discussion | -Trial limitations -Generalisability |
Other information | - Registration number |
Critical appraisal of systematic reviews: provide an overview of all primary studies on a topic and try to obtain an overall picture of the results.
In a systematic review, all the primary studies identified are critically appraised and only the best ones are selected. A meta-analysis (i.e., a statistical analysis) of the results from selected studies may be included. Factors to look for:
[ Table/Fig-3 ] summarizes the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA [ 13 ].
Summary of PRISMA guidelines.
Title | Identification of the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both. |
---|---|
Abstract | Structured Summary: background; objectives; eligibility criteria; results; limitations; conclusions; systematic review registration number. |
Introduction | -Description of the rationale for the review -Provision of a defined statement of questions being concentrated on with regard to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS). |
Methods | -Specification of study eligibility criteria -Description of all information sources -Presentation of full electronic search strategy -State the process for selecting studies -Description of the method of data extraction from reports and methods used for assessing risk of bias of individual studies in addition to methods of handling data and combining results of studies. |
Results | Provision of full details of: -Study selection. -Study characteristics (e.g., study size, PICOS, follow-up period) -Risk of bias within studies. -Results of each meta-analysis done, including confidence intervals and measures of consistency. -Methods of additional analyses (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-regression). |
Discussion | -Summary of the main findings including the strength of evidence for each main outcome. -Discussion of limitations at study and outcome level. -Provision of a general concluded interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. |
Funding | Source and role of funders. |
Critical appraisal is a fundamental skill in modern practice for assessing the value of clinical researches and providing an indication of their relevance to the profession. It is a skills-set developed throughout a professional career that facilitates this and, through integration with clinical experience and patient preference, permits the practice of evidence based medicine and dentistry. By following a systematic approach, such evidence can be considered and applied to clinical practice.
Vice President and Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris and former President and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump speak during a presidential debate. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
Vice President Harris and former President Donald Trump faced off Tuesday in their first — and possibly only — debate of the 2024 campaign, taking questions on key issues like the border, the economy and abortion.
With the candidates virtually tied in the polls, and just 55 days until Election Day, Trump and Harris sought to define their visions for America in front of a national audience and deflect attacks from the other side.
NPR reporters fact-checked the candidates' claims in real time . Here's what they found:
TRUMP: "I had no inflation, virtually no inflation. They had the highest inflation, perhaps in the history of our country, because I've never seen a worse period of time. People can't go out and buy cereal or bacon or eggs or anything else."
Inflation soared to a four-decade high of 9.1% in 2022, according to the consumer price index. While inflation has since fallen to 2.9% (as of July), prices — particularly food prices — are still higher than many Americans would like.
Other countries have also faced high inflation in the wake of the pandemic, as tangled supply chains struggled to keep pace with surging demand. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine also fueled inflation by driving up energy and food prices worldwide.
Government spending in the U.S. under both the Biden-Harris administration and Trump also may have contributed, putting more money in people’s pockets and enabling them to keep spending in the face of high prices.
While high prices are a source of frustration for many Americans, the average worker has more buying power today than she did before the pandemic. Since February 2020 (just before the pandemic took hold in the U.S.), consumer prices have risen 21.6% while average wages have risen 23%.
Many prices were depressed early in the pandemic, however, so the comparison is less flattering if you start the clock when President Biden and Vice President Harris took office. Since early 2021, consumer prices have risen 19.6%, while average wages have risen 16.9%. Wage gains have been outpacing price increases for over a year, so that gap should eventually close.
— NPR economics correspondent Scott Horsley
Taylor swift endorses kamala harris in instagram post after the debate.
HARRIS: "Donald Trump left us the worst unemployment since the Great Depression."
At the height of the Great Depression in 1933, the national unemployment rate was near 25%, according to the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.
At the start of the COVID pandemic, the unemployment rate peaked at 14.8% in April 2020, a level not seen since 1948, according to the Congressional Research Service.
But by the time Trump left office, unemployment had fallen to a lower, but still elevated, level. The January 2021 unemployment rate was 6.3%.
— NPR producer Lexie Schapitl
TRUMP: "You see what's happening with towns throughout the United States. You look at Springfield, Ohio, you look at Aurora in Colorado. They are taking over the towns. They're taking over buildings. They're going in violently. These are the people that she and Biden let into our country, and they're destroying our country. They're dangerous. They're at the highest level of criminality, and we have to get them out."
Trump attacked Harris and Biden's records on immigration, arguing that they're failing to stem people from other countries from entering the U.S. and causing violence.
In the last two years, more than 40,000 Venezuelan immigrants have arrived in the Denver metro area. And it is true that many now live in Aurora.
A few weeks ago, a video of gang members in an Aurora, Colo., apartment building had right-wing media declaring the city's takeover by Venezuelan gangs. NPR looked into these claims .
Shortly after the video appeared, Colorado's Republican Party sent a fundraising letter claiming the state is under violent attack, and Venezuelan gangs have taken over Aurora.
It's also true Aurora police have recently arrested 10 members of a Venezuelan gang called Tren de Aragua. But Aurora's interim police chief, Heather Morris, says there's no evidence of a gang takeover of apartment buildings in her city.
What's more, violent crime — including murder, robbery and rape — is way down nationwide, according to the most recent data from the FBI . Notably, analysts predict violent crime rates this year will fall back down to where they were before they surged during the pandemic and may even approach a 50-year low.
Trump also claims that migrants are driving up crime rates in the U.S. That is not true. Researchers from Stanford University found that since the 1960s, immigrants have been 60% less likely to be incarcerated than people born in the U.S. The Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, found undocumented immigrants in Texas were 37% less likely to be convicted of a crime.
— NPR immigration correspondent Jasmine Garsd and criminal justice reporter Meg Anderson
TRUMP: "In Springfield, they're eating the dogs. The people that came in, they're eating the cats. They're eating the pets of the people that live there."
This remark refers to a debunked, dehumanizing claim that Haitian migrants living in Springfield, Ohio, are abducting pets and eating them .
Jd vance spreads debunked claims about haitian immigrants eating pets.
The claim, which local police say is baseless, first circulated among far-right activists, local Republicans and neo-Nazis before being picked up by congressional leaders, vice presidential candidate JD Vance and others. A well-known advocate for the Haitian community says she received a wave of racist harassment after Vance shared the theory on social media.
The Springfield News-Sun reported that local police said that incidents of pets being stolen or eaten were "not something that's on our radar right now." The paper said the unsubstantiated claim seems to have started with a post in a Springfield Facebook group that was widely shared across social media.
The claim is the latest example of Trump leaning into anti-immigrant rhetoric. Since entering the political arena in 2015, Trump accused immigrants of being criminals, rapists, or "poisoning the blood of our nation."
— NPR immigration correspondent Jasmine Garsd
TRUMP: "A lot of these illegal immigrants coming in, [Democrats] are trying to get them to vote."
It is illegal for noncitizens to vote in federal elections, and there is no credible evidence that it has happened in significant numbers, or that there is an effort underway to illegally register undocumented immigrants to vote this election.
Voter registration forms require voters to sign an oath — under penalty of perjury — that they are U.S. citizens. If a noncitizen lies about their citizenship on a registration form and votes, they have created a paper trail of a crime that is punishable with jail time and deportation.
“The deterrent is incredibly strong,” David Becker, executive director of the Center for Election Innovation and Research, told NPR.
Election officials routinely verify information on voter registration forms, which ask registrants for either a driver’s license number or the last four digits of Social Security numbers.
In 2016, the Brennan Center for Justice surveyed local election officials in 42 jurisdictions with high immigrant populations and found 30 cases of suspected noncitizens voting out of 23.5 million votes cast, or 0.0001%.
Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger launched an audit in 2022 that found fewer than 1,700 suspected noncitizens had attempted to register to vote over the past 25 years. None were able to vote.
— NPR disinformation reporter Jude Joffe-Block
TRUMP: "[Harris] was the border czar. Remember that she was the border czar."
Republicans have taken to calling Harris the "border czar" as a way to blame her for increased migration to the U.S. and what they see as border security policy failures of the Biden administration.
There is no actual "border czar" position. In 2021, President Biden tasked Harris with addressing the root causes of migration from Central America.
The "root causes strategy ... identifies, prioritizes, and coordinates actions to improve security, governance, human rights, and economic conditions in the region," the White House said in a statement. "It integrates various U.S. government tools, including diplomacy, foreign assistance, public diplomacy, and sanctions."
While Harris has been scrutinized on the right, immigration advocates have also criticized Harris, including for comments in 2021 where she warned prospective migrants, "Do not come."
TRUMP: "You could do abortions in the seventh month, the eighth month, the ninth month, and probably after birth."
As ABC News anchor Linsey Davis mentioned during her real-time fact check, there is no state where it is legal to kill a baby after birth (Trump called it "execution"). A report from KFF earlier this year also noted that abortions “after birth” are illegal in every state.
According to the Pew Research Center, the overwhelming majority of abortions — 93% — take place during the first trimester. Pew says 1% take place after 21 weeks. Most of those take place before 24 weeks, the approximate timeline for fetal viability, according to a report by KFF Health News.
A separate analysis from KFF earlier this year noted that later abortions are expensive to obtain and offered by relatively few providers, and often occur because of medical complications or because patients face barriers earlier in their pregnancies.
“Nowhere in America is a woman carrying a pregnancy to term and asking for an abortion. That isn’t happening; it’s insulting to the women of America,” Harris said.
Harris also invoked religion in her response, arguing that “one does not have to abandon their faith” to agree that the government should not control reproductive health decisions.
As Davis also noted, Trump has offered mixed messages about abortion over the course of the campaign. He has bragged about his instrumental role in overturning Roe v. Wade , while appearing to backpedal on an issue that polling makes clear is a liability for Republicans.
— NPR political correspondent Sarah McCammon
TRUMP: The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan "was one of the most incompetently handled situations anybody has ever seen."
Trump and Republicans in Congress say President Biden is to blame for the fall of Kabul to the Taliban three years ago, and the chaotic rush at the airport where 13 U.S. troops died in a suicide bomb attack that killed nearly 200 Afghan civilians trying to flee. Of late, Republicans have been emphasizing Harris’ role . But the Afghanistan war spanned four U.S. presidencies , and it's important to note that it was the Trump administration that signed a peace deal that was basically a quick exit plan.
Trump regularly claims there were no casualties in Afghanistan for 18 months under his administration, and it’s not true, according to Pentagon records.
— NPR veterans correspondent Quil Lawrence
HARRIS: “There is not one member of the military who is in active duty in a combat zone in any war zone around the world for the first time this century.”
This is a common administration talking point, and it's technically true. But thousands of troops in Iraq and on the Syrian border are still in very dangerous terrain. U.S. troops died in Jordan in January on a base that keeps watch over the war with ISIS in Syria.
HARRIS: "I will not ban fracking. I have not banned fracking as vice president United States, and in fact, I was the tie-breaking vote on the inflation Reduction Act which opened new leases for fracking."
When she first ran for president in 2019, Harris had said she was firmly in favor of banning fracking — a stance she later abandoned when she joined President Biden’s campaign as his running mate.
In an interview with CNN last month, Harris attempted to explain why her position has changed from being against fracking to being in favor of it.
“What I have seen is that we can grow, and we can increase a clean energy economy without banning fracking,” Harris told CNN’s Dana Bash.
Under the Biden-Harris administration, the U.S. produced a record amount of oil last year — averaging 12.9 million barrels per day. That eclipsed the previous record of 12.3 million barrels per day, set under Trump in 2019. 2023 was also a record year for domestic production of natural gas . Much of the domestic boom in oil and gas production is the result of hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” techniques .
In addition to record oil and gas production, the Biden-Harris administration has also coincided with rapid growth of solar and wind power . Meanwhile, coal has declined as a source of electricity.
TRUMP: "I had a choice to make: Do I save [the Affordable Care Act] and make it as good as it can be, or do I let it rot? And I saved it."
During his presidency, Trump undermined the Affordable Care Act in many ways — for instance, by slashing funding for advertising and free "navigators" who help people sign up for a health insurance plan on HealthCare.gov. And rather than deciding to "save" the ACA, he tried hard to get Congress to repeal it, and failed. When pushed Tuesday on what health policy he would put in its place, he said he has "concepts of a plan."
Amid medicaid's 'unwinding,' many states work to expand health care access.
The Biden administration has reversed course from Trump's management of the Affordable Care Act. Increased subsidies have made premiums more affordable in the marketplaces, and enrollment has surged. The uninsurance rate has dropped to its lowest point ever during the Biden administration.
The Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010 and is entrenched in the health care system. Republicans successfully ran against Obamacare for about a decade, but it has faded as a campaign issue this year.
— NPR health policy correspondent Selena Simmons-Duffin
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Research on the optimization method of visual sensor calibration combining convex lens imaging with the bionic algorithm of wolf pack predation.
2. nonlinear imaging model, 3. principle of the bionic algorithm of wolf pack predation (wpp), 4.1. the law of imaging by a convex lens, 4.2. reverse learning strategies for convex lens imaging techniques, 4.3. camera calibration using cli-wpp, 5. experiment and analysis, 6. result analysis and discussion.
Parameters | SA | Zhang’s | SSA |
---|---|---|---|
3322.09000 | 3305.65809 | 3363.40540 | |
3325.41000 | 3323.02436 | 3400.48806 | |
610.020000 | 601.474397 | 578.705639 | |
443.970000 | 434.541164 | 432.936919 | |
0.11770000 | −0.09525949 | −0.99725691 | |
1.12440000 | 0.32817828 | −0.29592964 | |
0.42986500 | 0.28847656 | 0.23543161 | |
3303.18672 | 3300.95863 | 3297.40374 | |
3308.39923 | 3318.14506 | 3321.59384 | |
576.638947 | 580.395389 | 5.79399989 | |
432.069792 | 429.931569 | 4.30634941 | |
0.41377230 | −0.05267407 | −0.01744174 | |
−1.00000000 | 0.5.6781038 | 0.38125975 | |
0.21934249 | 0.10637477 | 0.06615037 |
Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Parametric | Left Camera | Right Camera |
---|---|---|
3322.09000 | 3314.01000 | |
3325.41000 | 3314.72000 | |
610.020000 | 619.060000 | |
443.970000 | 405.520000 | |
0.11770000 | 0.04220000 | |
1.12440000 | 0.41570000 |
Parametric | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|
Translation Matrix | −203.505423 | −1.12304825 | 8.51035436 |
Rotation Matrix | 0.99975432 | 0.00493237 | 0.01674298 |
0.00513486 | 0.99989998 | 0.01275354 | |
0.01664542 | 0.01294541 | 0.99984561 |
Calibration Parameters | Calibration Results |
---|---|
] | [3297.40374, 3321.59384] |
] | [579.399989, 430.634941] |
] | [−0.01744174, 0.38125975] |
Reprojection Error | 0.06615037 |
Calibration Parameters | Calibration Results |
---|---|
] | [3346.80389, 3344.06814] |
] | [637.192839, 481.437970] |
] | [−0.03579978, 0.50400146] |
Reprojection Error | 0.08240601 |
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Wu, Q.; Miao, J.; Liu, Z.; Chang, J. Research on the Optimization Method of Visual Sensor Calibration Combining Convex Lens Imaging with the Bionic Algorithm of Wolf Pack Predation. Sensors 2024 , 24 , 5926. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185926
Wu Q, Miao J, Liu Z, Chang J. Research on the Optimization Method of Visual Sensor Calibration Combining Convex Lens Imaging with the Bionic Algorithm of Wolf Pack Predation. Sensors . 2024; 24(18):5926. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185926
Wu, Qingdong, Jijun Miao, Zhaohui Liu, and Jiaxiu Chang. 2024. "Research on the Optimization Method of Visual Sensor Calibration Combining Convex Lens Imaging with the Bionic Algorithm of Wolf Pack Predation" Sensors 24, no. 18: 5926. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185926
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Academic Journals. Evaluating Research in Academic Journals is a guide for students who are learning how to. evaluate reports of empirical research published in academic journals. It breaks down ...
INTRODUCTION. Critical appraisal of a research paper is defined as "The process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, value and relevance in a particular context."[] Since scientific literature is rapidly expanding with more than 12,000 articles being added to the MEDLINE database per week,[] critical appraisal is very important to distinguish ...
Evaluating Research refers to the process of assessing the quality, credibility, and relevance of a research study or project. This involves examining the methods, data, and results of the research in order to determine its validity, reliability, and usefulness. Evaluating research can be done by both experts and non-experts in the field, and ...
In a recent evaluation of research constellations within a large university in Sweden, the quality of research practice was measured by considering the attention received concerning the scientific, technological, clinical and socio-economic significance of their publications, including the implementation of research results in society (External ...
Understanding and Evaluating Research: A Critical Guide shows students how to be critical consumers of research and to appreciate the power of methodology as it shapes the research question, the use of theory in the study, the methods used, and how the outcomes are reported. The book starts with what it means to be a critical and uncritical ...
Evaluation is an essential aspect of research. It is ubiquitous and continuous over time for researchers. Its main goal is to ensure rigor and quality through objective assessment at all levels. It is the fundamental mechanism that regulates the highly critical and competitive research processes.
SuMMarY. Critical appraisal is a systematic process used to identify the strengths. and weaknesse s of a res earch article in order t o assess the usefulness and. validity of r esearch findings ...
RAND monographs were products of RAND from 2003 to 2011 that presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs were subjected to rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. This document and trademark (s) contained herein are ...
Critical evaluation is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of an article, in order to evaluate the. usefulness and validity of research results. The components of the critical appraisal ...
Research Evaluation is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed, international journal. Its subject matter is the evaluation of activities concerned with scientific research, technological development, and innovation. ... Characteristics of highly cited papers . Assessment, evaluations, and definitions of research impact: A review . Introducing ...
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate; Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic. Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We've written a step-by-step ...
Impact is assessed alongside research outputs and environment to provide an evaluation of research taking place within an institution. As such research outputs, for example, knowledge generated and publications, can be translated into outcomes, for example, new products and services, and impacts or added value (Duryea et al. 2007).
Critical evaluation is the process of examining the research for the strength or weakness of the findings, validity, relevance, and usefulness of the research findings. [1] The availability of extensive information and the difficulty in differentiating the relevant information obligate the primary need of critical appraisal.
Summary points. Different types of research are needed to answer different types of clinical questions. Irrespective of the type of research, systematic reviews are necessary. Adequate grading of quality of evidence goes beyond the categorisation of research design. Risk-benefit assessments should draw on a variety of types of research.
Evaluation Criteria. It's very important to evaluate the materials you find to make sure they are appropriate for a research paper. It's not enough that the information is relevant; it must also be credible. You will want to find more than enough resources, so that you can pick and choose the best for your paper.
Lateral reading. Lateral reading is the act of evaluating the credibility of a source by comparing it to other sources. This allows you to: Verify evidence. Contextualize information. Find potential weaknesses. If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.
12.2 Argumentative Research Trailblazer: Samin Nosrat; 12.3 Glance at Genre: Introducing Research as Evidence; 12.4 Annotated Student Sample: "Healthy Diets from Sustainable Sources Can Save the Earth" by Lily Tran; 12.5 Writing Process: Integrating Research; 12.6 Editing Focus: Integrating Sources and Quotations; 12.7 Evaluation: Effectiveness ...
The traditional approaches to research evaluation. are summative, assessing, for example, outputs such as the quality and number of papers published, as measured with bibliometrics, or comparing institutions' past performance. These examine what has happened in the past but do not tell us why.
1 Important points to consider when critically evaluating published research papers. Simple review articles (also referred to as 'narrative' or 'selective' reviews), systematic reviews and meta-analyses provide rapid overviews and 'snapshots' of progress made within a field, summarising a given topic or research area.
A typology of research impact evaluation designs is provided. •. A methodological framework is proposed to guide evaluations of the significance and reach of impact that can be attributed to research. •. These enable evaluation design and methods to be selected to evidence the impact of research from any discipline.
The Big 5 Criteria can help you evaluate your sources for credibility: Currency: Check the publication date and determine whether it is sufficiently current for your topic. Coverage (relevance): Consider whether the source is relevant to your research and whether it covers the topic adequately for your needs. Authority: Discover the credentials ...
Evaluating Articles. Not all articles are created equally. Evaluating sources for relevancy and usefulness is one the most important steps in research. This helps researchers in the STEM disciplines to gather the information they need. There are several tools to use when evaluating an article. Purpose.
Background Co-design with consumers and healthcare professionals is widely used in applied health research. While this approach appears to be ethically the right thing to do, a rigorous evaluation of its process and impact is frequently missing. Evaluation of research co-design is important to identify areas of improvement in the methods and processes, as well as to determine whether research ...
In October 2023, the Australian Research Council revealed a blueprint for a new assessment system and was investigating methods for smarter harvesting of evaluation data.
The progress in text summarization techniques has been remarkable. However the task of accurately extracting and summarizing necessary information from highly specialized documents such as research papers has not been sufficiently investigated. We are focusing on the task of extracting research questions (RQ) from research papers and construct a new dataset consisting of machine learning ...
Critical appraisal is the course of action for watchfully and systematically examining research to assess its reliability, value and relevance in order to direct professionals in their vital clinical decision making [1]. Critical appraisal is essential to: Continuing Professional Development (CPD).
The eosinophil count of nasal secretion smears positively correlated with the chromogenic grade of the test paper. This shows that the research and development of an ECP real-time test paper is effective, as it can sensitively detect ECP in nasal secretions, and the chromogenic grade of the test paper will increase with an increase in ECP ...
The paper said the unsubstantiated claim seems to have started with a post in a Springfield Facebook group that was widely shared across social media. The claim is the latest example of Trump ...
There was a visible shift in skin hydration post-GSC application from values approximately in the 12-42 AU (arbitrary unit) range to 30-60 AU at 30 minutes that continued to increase through week 1 of ML use. BACKGROUND Evaluating cleansers and moisturizers provides important information to guide clinicians in the recommendation of these products. This project was performed to visualize skin ...
To improve the accuracy of camera calibration, a novel optimization method is proposed in this paper, which combines convex lens imaging with the bionic algorithm of Wolf Pack Predation (CLI-WPP). During the optimization process, the internal parameters and radial distortion parameters of the camera are regarded as the search targets of the bionic algorithm of Wolf Pack Predation, and the ...